Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases : findings from the global burden of disease study 2019

DATA SHARING STATEMENT : Data used for the analyses are publicly available from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (http://www.healthdata.org/; http:// ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool).BACKGROUND : The causes for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are diverse and the incidence trends of IMIDs from specific causes are rarely studied. The study aims to investigate the pattern and trend of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019. METHODS : We collected detailed information on six major causes of IMIDs, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, between 1990 and 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in number of incidents and age standardized incidence rate (ASR) on IMIDs, by sex, age, region, and causes, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. FINDINGS : In 2019, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease accounted 1.59%, 36.17%, 54.71%, 0.09%, 6.84%, 0.60% of overall new IMIDs cases, respectively. The ASR of IMIDs showed substantial regional and global variation with the highest in High SDI region, High-income North America, and United States of America. Throughout human lifespan, the age distribution of incident cases from six IMIDs was quite different. Globally, incident cases of IMIDs increased with an AAPC of 0.68 and the ASR decreased with an AAPC of −0.34 from 1990 to 2019. The incident cases increased across six IMIDs, the ASR of rheumatoid arthritis increased (0.21, 95% CI 0.18, 0.25), while the ASR of asthma (AAPC = −0.41), inflammatory bowel disease (AAPC = −0.72), multiple sclerosis (AAPC = −0.26), psoriasis (AAPC = −0.77), and atopic dermatitis (AAPC = −0.15) decreased. The ASR of overall and six individual IMID increased with SDI at regional and global level. Countries with higher ASR in 1990 experienced a more rapid decrease in ASR. INTERPRETATION : The incidence patterns of IMIDs varied considerably across the world. Innovative prevention and integrative management strategy are urgently needed to mitigate the increasing ASR of rheumatoid arthritis and upsurging new cases of other five IMIDs, respectively.The Global Burden of Disease Study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Support from Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital; Shaqra University; the School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana; the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR); an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Fellowship; the Italian Center of Precision Medicine and Chronic Inflammation in Milan; the Department of Environmental Health Engineering of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia; Jazan University, Saudi Arabia; the Clinician Scientist Program of the Clinician Scientist Academy (UMEA) of the University Hospital Essen; AIMST University, Malaysia; the Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; a Kornhauser Research Fellowship at The University of Sydney; the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary; Taipei Medical University; CREATE Hope Scientific Fellowship from Lung Foundation Australia; the National Institute for Health and Care Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and an NIHR Clinical Lectureship in Respiratory Medicine; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore and Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal; Author Gate Publications; the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and Nassau University Medical center; the Italian Ministry of Health (RRC); King Abdulaziz University (DSR), Jeddah, and King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACSAT), Saudi Arabia, Science & Technology Development Fund (STDF), and US-Egypt Science & Technology joint Fund: The Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), Egypt; partially supported by the Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning; the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad Pakistan; Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program; the Belgian American Educational Foundation; Health Data Research UK; the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Institute of Health Carlos III, CIBERSAM, and INCLIVA; the Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Shaqra University; Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences and SRM Institute of Science and Technology; University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan; the Chinese University of Hong Kong Research Committee Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme; the institutional support of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt; the European (EU) and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, UK-National Institute for Health and Care Research, the Mahathir Science Award Foundation and EU-EDCTP.http://www.thelancet.comam2024School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)SDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Demasculinization and feminization of male gonads by atrazine:Consistent effects across vertebrate classes

Atrazine is the most commonly detected pesticide contaminant of ground water, surface water, and precipitation. Atrazine is also an endocrine disruptor that, among other effects, alters male reproductive tissues when animals are exposed during development. Here, we apply the nine so-called "Hill criteria" (Strength, Consistency, Specificity, Temporality, Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, and Analogy) for establishing cause-effect relationships to examine the evidence for atrazine as an endocrine disruptor that demasculinizes and feminizes the gonads of male vertebrates. We present experimental evidence that the effects of atrazine on male development are consistent across all vertebrate classes examined and we present a state of the art summary of the mechanisms by which atrazine acts as an endocrine disruptor to produce these effects. Atrazine demasculinizes male gonads producing testicular lesions associated with reduced germ cell numbers in teleost fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, and induces partial and/or complete feminization in fish, amphibians, and reptiles. These effects are strong (statistically significant), consistent across vertebrate classes, and specific. Reductions in androgen levels and the induction of estrogen synthesis - demonstrated in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals - represent plausible and coherent mechanisms that explain these effects. Biological gradients are observed in several of the cited studies, although threshold doses and patterns vary among species. Given that the effects on the male gonads described in all of these experimental studies occurred only after atrazine exposure, temporality is also met here. Thus the case for atrazine as an endocrine disruptor that demasculinizes and feminizes male vertebrates meets all nine of the "Hill criteria".Fil: Hayes, Tyrone B.. University of California; Estados UnidosFil: Anderson, Lloyd L.. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Beasley, Val R.. University of Illinois at Urbana; Estados UnidosFil: de Solla, Shane R.. Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate; CanadáFil: Iguchi, Taisen. National Institute for Basic Biology; JapónFil: Ingraham, Holly. University of California; Estados UnidosFil: Kestemont, Patrick. Université de Namur; BélgicaFil: Kniewald, Jasna. University of Zagreb; CroaciaFil: Kniewald, Zlatko. University of Zagreb; CroaciaFil: Langlois, Valerie. Royal Military College; CanadáFil: Luque, Enrique Hugo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Departamento de Fisiología. Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: McCoy, Krista A.. University of South Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Muñoz de Toro, Monica Milagros. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Departamento de Fisiología. Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes; ArgentinaFil: Oka, Tomohiro. IDEA Consultants; JapónFil: Oliveira, Cleida A. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Orton, Frances. Colegio Universitario de Londres; Reino UnidoFil: Ruby, Sylvia. Concordia University; CanadáFil: Suzawa, Miyuki. University of California; Estados UnidosFil: Tavera Mendoza, Luz E.. Harvard Medical School; Estados UnidosFil: Trudeau, Vance L.. University of Ottawa; CanadáFil: Victor Costa, Anna Bolivar. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Willingham, Emily. No especifica

Etnobotânica nordestina: estudo comparativo da relação entre comunidades e vegetação na Zona do Litoral - Mata do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil Northeast Ethnobotany: links between communities and vegetation of the Coast Zone of the Mata Region in Pernambuco State, Brazil

O trabalho visa determinar as relações entre comunidades e vegetação na Zona da Mata de Pernambuco. A comunidade da Usina São José (Igarassu - Ig) é formada por vilas rurais, vizinhas da Reserva Ecológica da Mata da Usina São José. Jaguarana (Paulista-Pa) é uma comunidade urbana, próxima à Reserva Ecológica da Mata de Jaguarana. Levantou-se as plantas úteis para estas comunidades por meio de 38 entrevistas não-estruturadas, enquadrando-as nas categorias de uso alimentação, comércio, construção, mágico, medicinal, tecnológico e outros. Foram registradas 334 espécies, nativas e cultivadas. Comparou-se as comunidades, através do Quociente de Similaridade de Sørensen (Qs), obtendo-se maiores índices para plantas alimentícias (QsIgPa= 0,71), predominantemente cultivadas, e medicinais (QsIgPa= 0,56), 45,1% delas nativas, predominantemente herbáceas. A vegetação nativa constitui uma fonte importante de recursos medicinais mas é subutilizada como fonte de alimento e tem pouca relevância na visão cosmológica das comunidades. Os vegetais não têm relevância na atividade de comércio, servindo como complemento de renda para as famílias (QsIgPa= 0,30). Na categoria construção enquadram-se, majoritariamente, espécies nativas (87,8%) e arbóreas (92,7%). Em tecnologia têm maior representatividade espécies nativas (85,7%) e arbóreo/arbustivas (84,1%). As comunidades utilizam diferentes fontes vegetais para as categorias construção, mágica, tecnologia e outros, decorrentes tanto das principais atividades que nelas exercem seus moradores, como dos recursos naturais à sua disposição.<br>The objective of this work is to determine the social behaviour concerning the consumption of vegetal species by local communities. The involved localities are: the Usina São José (Igarassu - Ig), which involves rural communities in the surroundings of the Ecological Reserve of the Usina São José and the Jaguarana (Paulista - PE), an urban settlement located in the neighbourhoods of the Ecological Reserve of Jaguarana. Structured interviews were applied to these social groups, addressing 38 people, in order to identify the most useful plants and the correspondent use. These were classified into categories food, commerce, constrution, ritualistic, medicinal, technological and "others". Among these types, 334 native and introduced species were registered. The different communities were analysed and compared through the Sørensen Similarity Quotient (Qs). The higher incidence is of feeding plants (QsIgPa= 0.71), predominantly cropped and medical plants (QsIgPa= 0.56), from which 45.1% are natives and herbaceous. The native vegetation constitutes an important source of medicines. However, it has no relevance as food within the cosmological view of the community. Vegetables are irrelevant as timber in the trade sector, for income generation (QsIgPa= 0.30). For building proposals most species are native (87.8%) and tree (92.7%). For technological purpose the native species (85.7%) and the tree/shrub (84.1%), are the most representative category. The communities use different types of vegetal resource for the construction, ritualistic and technology among other categories, as a result of their main activities and of the available natural resources

First measurement of antideuteron number fluctuations at energies available at the Large Hadron Collider

The first measurement of event-by-event antideuteron number fluctuations in high energy heavy-ion collisions is presented. The measurements are carried out at midrapidity (|\eta| |η|<0.8) as a function of collision centrality in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02  TeV using the ALICE detector. A significant negative correlation between the produced antiprotons and antideuterons is observed in all collision centralities. The results are compared with a state-of-the-art coalescence calculation. While it describes the ratio of higher order cumulants of the antideuteron multiplicity distribution, it fails to describe quantitatively the magnitude of the correlation between antiproton and antideuteron production. On the other hand, thermal-statistical model calculations describe all the measured observables within uncertainties only for correlation volumes that are different with respect to those describing proton yields and a similar measurement of net-proton number fluctuations.The first measurement of event-by-event antideuteron number fluctuations in high energy heavy-ion collisions is presented. The measurements are carried out at midrapidity (|\eta| < 0.8$) as a function of collision centrality in Pb$-$Pb collisions at$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 5.02$ TeV using the ALICE detector. A significant negative correlation between the produced antiprotons and antideuterons is observed in all collision centralities. The results are compared with a state-of-the-art coalescence calculation. While it describes the ratio of higher order cumulants of the antideuteron multiplicity distribution, it fails to describe quantitatively the magnitude of the correlation between antiproton and antideuteron production. On the other hand, thermal-statistical model calculations describe all the measured observables within uncertainties only for correlation volumes that are different with respect to those describing proton yields and a similar measurement of net-proton number fluctuations

Measurements of the groomed jet radius and momentum splitting fraction with the soft drop and dynamical grooming algorithms in pp collisions at s \sqrt{s} = 5.02 TeV

This article presents measurements of the groomed jet radius and momentum splitting fraction in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Inclusive charged-particle jets are reconstructed at midrapidity using the anti-$k_{\rm{T}}$ algorithm for transverse momentum $60< p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\rm{ch\; jet}}<80$ GeV/$c$. We report results using two different grooming algorithms: soft drop and, for the first time, dynamical grooming. For each grooming algorithm, a variety of grooming settings are used in order to explore the impact of collinear radiation on these jet substructure observables. These results are compared to perturbative calculations that include resummation of large logarithms at all orders in the strong coupling constant. We find good agreement of the theoretical predictions with the data for all grooming settings considered.This article presents measurements of the groomed jet radius and momentum splitting fraction in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Inclusive charged-particle jets are reconstructed at midrapidity using the anti-k$_{T}$ algorithm for transverse momentum $60<{p}_{\textrm{T}}^{\textrm{ch}\;\textrm{jet}}<80$ GeV/c. We report results using two different grooming algorithms: soft drop and, for the first time, dynamical grooming. For each grooming algorithm, a variety of grooming settings are used in order to explore the impact of collinear radiation on these jet substructure observables. These results are compared to perturbative calculations that include resummation of large logarithms at all orders in the strong coupling constant. We find good agreement of the theoretical predictions with the data for all grooming settings considered.[graphic not available: see fulltext]This article presents measurements of the groomed jet radius and momentum splitting fraction in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Inclusive charged-particle jets are reconstructed at midrapidity using the anti-$k_{\rm{T}}$ algorithm for transverse momentum $60< p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\rm{ch\; jet}}<80$ GeV/$c$. We report results using two different grooming algorithms: soft drop and, for the first time, dynamical grooming. For each grooming algorithm, a variety of grooming settings are used in order to explore the impact of collinear radiation on these jet substructure observables. These results are compared to perturbative calculations that include resummation of large logarithms at all orders in the strong coupling constant. We find good agreement of the theoretical predictions with the data for all grooming settings considered

Measurement of beauty production via non-prompt D0{\rm D}^{0} mesons in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 5.02 TeV

The production of non-prompt ${\rm D}^{0}$ mesons from beauty-hadron decays was measured at midrapidity ($\left| y \right| 5~\mathrm{GeV}/c$ in the $0-10$% central Pb-Pb collisions. The data are described by models that include both collisional and radiative processes in the calculation of beauty-quark energy loss in the quark-gluon plasma, and quark recombination in addition to fragmentation as a hadronization mechanism. The ratio of the non-prompt to prompt ${\rm D}^{0}$-meson $R_{\rm AA}$ is larger than unity for $p_{\rm T} > 4~\mathrm{GeV}/c$ in the $0-10$% central Pb-Pb collisions, as predicted by models in which beauty quarks lose less energy than charm quarks in the quark-gluon plasma because of their larger mass