16 research outputs found

    Trophic ecology of citrus pests based on stable isotope analysis

    Get PDF
    Macrodactylus pumilio Burm. (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae) and Naupactus cervinus (Boh.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are considered primary pests in citrus crops in Brazil, causing damage to plants and decreasing productivity. However, few studies investigate the ecology of these insects. In this context, the use of stable isotopes analysis (SIA) emerges as an alternative technique to conventional studies of behavioral ecology because it is faster and may explain feeding behavior based on the food source for each species. Field sampling and laboratory experiments were carried out to examine the changes of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) among pests and host plants (C3 citrus and C4 grasses), providing means to examine trophic interactions. Beetles were collected at the municipality of Gavião Peixoto, São Paulo State, identified and kept at 5 °C in saturated saline solution until the SIA. Two patterns for both species were found: δ13C value for N. cervinus was -23.6 ‰ and -13 ‰ for M. pumilio, indicating similarity between the results of δ13C of N. cervinus and citrus plants (-26 ‰) and dependence on grasses (-12 ‰) for M. pumilio individuals. The mean δ15N value was 4.3 and 5.8 ‰ for citrus plants and grass leaves, respectively, and the mean δ15N value was 4.4 ‰ for N. cervinus and 4.9 ‰ for M. pumilio. The results showed a higher affinity of N. cervinus for citrus roots since the larval stage compared with the alternative diet on M. pumilio

    Radiação Ionizante na Agroindústria: Revisão sobre as vantagens, efeitos e possibilidades de uso em alimentos de origem vegetal no Brasilno Brasil

    Get PDF
    Pesquisas e desenvolvimento de métodos que objetivem a redução de perdas e aumento da oferta de alimentos seguros e de qualidade para uma população mundial em expansão são necessários. A irradiação de alimentos é uma alternativa viável para promover a conservação de produtos de origem vegetal, com as finalidades de redução da contaminação causada por microrganismos patogênicos, aumento de vida útil dos alimentos, retardo do amadurecimento e diminuição das perdas pós-colheita. Como tratamento fitossanitário, pode ser utilizada visando atender aos requisitos do mercado internacional e às barreiras quarentenárias impostas pelos países importadores, não deixando resíduos tóxicos nos alimentos e não alterando significativamente suas propriedades sensoriais. No entanto, esse método ainda é subutilizado e pouco difundido no Brasil, e maiores investimentos são necessários para explorar mercados na área, tornando os produtos agropecuários mais competitivos internacionalmente

    On Coalition Formation with Heterogeneous Agents

    Full text link

    Optimal Transfers and Participation Decisions in International Environmental Agreements

    Full text link

    Utilização de isótopos estáveis como traçadores de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

    No full text
    Aiming to suppress the South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae), an Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management (AW-IPM) program that integrates the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) will be implemented on apple growing areas in Southern Brazil. An accurate distinction between the sterile-released flies and the wild fertile flies is essential, since false detections could trigger unnecessary and costly control actions over the surveyed area. In this context, the use of Stable Isotopes Analysis (SIA) emerges as a potential tool for discriminating the origin of the insects. The present study demonstrated whether it is possible to adequately identify laboratory-reared A. fraterculus flies, besides evaluating the influence of attractive and preservative substances on flies\' isotopic composition over time. This study also assessed for the first time the trophic discrimination factor (TDF) and the turnover rate of A. fraterculus after diet switching, once the lack of these species-and element-specific laboratory-derived parameters could limit the SIA application in understanding the ecological patterns of this fruit fly. The ?13C and ?15N signals of the larval and adult diets, laboratory-flies, wild flies captured in Southern Brazil (Vacaria), attractive and preservative substances and the flies immersed in the substances were performed by CF-IRMS at CENA/USP. The isotopic compositions from males and females, either from laboratory and wild flies, did not differ significantly. The A. fraterculus flies reared on larval diets presented different ?13C values compared to wild flies and those reared on fruits (C3-based diets). The values of ?15N were not conclusive for flies differentiation, and traceability could not depend solely on ?15N values. In relation to the capture and preservation methods tested (CeraTrapTM, grape juice and absolute ethanol), it was observed that, depending on the substance, at least one of the isotopic values can suffer alteration compared to the controls. Despite the fact that isotopic compositions of the laboratory-flies could be affected by attractive and preservative substances and by the time that the flies remained immersed in the trap, it was still possible to distinguish flies reared on artificial diet from wild flies. After the diet switching experiment, the ?13C signals of flies began to change, reflecting their recent diet as a result of metabolic turnover, expressed in half-life (t1/2). All treatments showed significant difference in ?13C values over time. The ?15N showed values fewer conclusive when compared to the ?13C values, because the variation of the diet sources was based on the stable isotopes of carbon. Despite of these results, after 15 days of diet shift, the isotopic compositions of laboratory-flies in all treatments were statistically different from the isotopic composition of wild flies. The C4-based diets in the larval and adult stages can be considered suitable tracers of A. fraterculus in an SIT programObjetivando a supressão da mosca-da-fruta sul-americana, Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae), um programa de Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP) integrando a Técnica de Insetos Estéril (TIE) será implementado em áreas de cultivo de maçã na região sul do Brasil. Para isso, é necessária uma distinção precisa entre as moscas estéreis liberadas e as moscas férteis selvagens, uma vez que detecções falsas podem desencadear ações de controle desnecessárias e onerosas sobre a área de interesse. Neste contexto, o uso da Análise de Isótopos Estáveis (AIE) surge como uma ferramenta potencial para discriminar a origem dos insetos. O presente estudo demonstrou se é possível identificar adequadamente as moscas criadas em laboratório para programas de TIE, além de avaliar a influência de substâncias atrativas e preservativas na composição isotópica das moscas ao longo do tempo. Este estudo também determinou, pela primeira vez para A. fraterculus, o fator de discriminação isotópica e a taxa de turnover após a troca de dietas, uma vez que a ausência desses parâmetros de laboratório, específicos para a espécie e elemento, poderia limitar a aplicação da AIE no entendimento dos padrões ecológicos dessa mosca-das-frutas. Os sinais de ?13C e ?15N das dietas larvais e de adultos, moscas de laboratório, moscas selvagens capturadas no sul do Brasil (Vacaria), substâncias atrativas e preservativas, e as moscas imersas nessas substâncias foram adquiridos por CF-IRMS no CENA/USP. As composições isotópicas de machos e fêmeas, tanto de laboratório quanto selvagens, não diferiram significativamente entre si. As moscas A. fraterculus criadas em dietas larvais apresentaram diferentes valores de ?13C em comparação com moscas selvagens e criadas em frutos (dietas à base de fontes C3). As assinaturas de ?15N não foram conclusivas para a diferenciação das moscas, e a rastreabilidade não pode depender apenas desses valores. Em relação aos métodos de captura e preservação testados (CeraTrap®, suco de uva e etanol absoluto), observou-se que, dependendo da substância, pode existir alteração de pelo menos um dos valores isotópicos quando comparados aos controles. Apesar das composições isotópicas das moscas de laboratório terem sido afetadas pelo tempo e substâncias nas quais as moscas permaneceram imersas na armadilha, ainda foi possível distinguir as moscas criadas em dietas artificiais das moscas selvagens. Após o experimento de mudança de dieta, os sinais de ?13C das moscas começaram a mudar, refletindo a dieta mais recente como resultado do turnover metabólico, expresso em meia-vida (t1/2). Todos os tratamentos mostraram diferença significativa nos valores de ?13C ao longo do tempo. Valores de ?15N apresentaram resultados menos conclusivos quando comparados aos valores ?13C, porque a variação das fontes da dieta foi baseada nos isótopos estáveis do elemento carbono. Apesar destes resultados, após 15 dias de mudança de dieta, a composição isotópica das moscas em todos os tratamentos foi estatisticamente diferente da composição isotópica das moscas selvagens. As dietas baseadas em fonte C4 na fase larval e na fase adulta podem ser consideradas como traçadores adequados para A. fraterculus em um programa de TI

    Quality parameters of tomatoes submitted to different doses of gamma radiation

    No full text
    Abstract Ionizing radiation can be used for different purposes in the food industry. In this study, the effect of irradiation doses (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kGy) on the quality parameters of long life tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), was evaluated during 4 storage periods (1, 7, 14 and 21 days). The different treatments were evaluated by analysing for colour, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA), ratio (TSS/TTA), hardness, total lycopene and ascorbic acid contents, weight loss and maturation stage (O2 /CO2 ratio) for all the storage periods. The tomato samples were irradiated in a Co60 irradiator and maintained at 22 °C ± 1 °C. The quality of the tomato fruits was influenced by the gamma radiation basically by making the fruits softer and not degrading the ascorbic acid and lycopene contents at the doses evaluated. The irradiation process used in the doses evaluated was promising with respect to maintaining the quality parameters of long life tomatoes

    Pedological mapping through integration of digital terrain models spectral sensing and photopedology

    No full text
    ABSTRACTNew tools for soil mapping are needed to increase speed and accuracy of pedological mapping processes. This study integrated various technologies to map soils of the Piracicaba region in São Paulo State, Brazil. Each technology was expected to provide different information to design a detailed map. We carried out field survey and soil sampling for laboratory analysis. Initially, we conducted field visits to obtain soil patterns of a reference site. We applied the acquired patterns to an validation site, based solely on information obtained from remote sensing and cartographic databases, namely LANDSAT 7/ETM, digital elevation models (DEM) and aerial photographs. We integrated the information from each product to generate the map of the validation site, which was validated by field inspection. Textural classification using satellite imaging ranged from 21-51% of accuracy. Band 5 in the sensor showed the best performance to discriminate between clayey and sandy soils. Aerial photographs provided the best information because, besides their own inherent characteristics, they operate on a larger scale and result in a map with up to 50 polygons, while DEM reached a maximum of 30 polygons. The digital mapping technology generated 45 mapping units. Finally, the mapping efficiently separated the Latosols from the other classes; however, in some cases there was confusion in the identification of Cambisols and litholic Neosols

    Bioatividade de macerados de Anthemis sp., Coriandrum sativum e Piper nigrum contra Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

    Get PDF
    Plants may exhibit insecticide bioactive properties as a natural defense mechanism against some insect-pest species. The insect repellency and insecticidal properties of Anthemis sp., Coriandrum sativum and Piper nigrum against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were investigated in order to find possible natural sources to allow the protection of stored grains. Two experiments were installed with a completely randomized design, using two cultivars of hybrid maize (AS 1551 YG and AS 1555 YG) as food substrates. The first experiment aimed to verify the mortality of the pest after 7 days of exposure to the studied plants at 0.5g/treatment, with a factorial arrangement (control, three plant species, two maize cultivars). In the second experiment, the pest repellency promoted by each plant species was evaluated in an arena. After 24 hours, the percentage of adults repelled (% AR) was calculated. The study showed that P. nigrum presented insecticidal properties, observing a mean mortality of 49%. Anthemis sp. presented a repellent effect (I.R./I.D. = 0.44) on S. zeamais when the substrate used was the hybrid AS 1555 YG, with 26.5% adults repelled. As for the hybrid AS 1551 YG, P. nigrum showed a repellent effect (I.R./I.D. = 0.68 and 31% of adults repelled), while C. sativum and Anthemis sp. were considered neutral against the maize weevil.Plantas podem apresentar propriedades bioativas inseticidas como mecanismo de defesa natural contra algumas espécies de insetos-praga. Visando investigar possíveis fontes naturais que contribuam para a proteção de grãos armazenados, foram avaliadas as propriedades de repelência e inseticida de macerados de Anthemis sp., Coriandrum sativum e Piper nigrum sobre o gorgulho-do-milho, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Dois experimentos foram instalados com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando-se dois cultivares de milho híbrido (AS 1551 YG e AS 1555 YG) como substratos alimentares. O primeiro experimento objetivou verificar a mortalidade da praga após sete dias de exposição aos vegetais estudados, com delineamento em arranjo fatorial (testemunha; três espécies vegetais; dois cultivares de milho). No segundo experimento, avaliou-se a repelência da praga promovida pelas espécies vegetais, testadas isoladamente em uma arena. Após 24 horas, a porcentagem de adultos repelidos (% AR) foi calculada. O estudo permitiu verificar que P. nigrum apresenta propriedade inseticida, observando uma mortalidade média de 49%. Anthemis sp. demonstrou efeito repelente (I.R./I.D. = 0,44) sobre S. zeamais quando o substrato utilizado foi o híbrido AS 1555 YG, com 26,5% de adultos repelidos. Já para o híbrido AS 1551 YG, P. nigrum mostrou efeito repelente (I.R./I.D. = 0,68 e 31% de adultos repelidos), enquanto C. sativum e Anthemis sp. foram consideradas neutras
    corecore