O tempo subjectivo como instrumento (des)adaptativo no processo desenvolvi - mental

A Perspectiva Temporal – PT (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) é o processo através do qual as experiências pessoais e sociais dos sujeitos são categorizadas, arquivadas e recuperadas mediante categorias temporais que têm por base as noções subjectivas do passado, o presente e o futuro. Assim, através de uma análise da PT é possível compreender mudanças em diversas variáveis, tenham estas um carácter funcional (auto-estima, investimento escolar, comportamentos pró-activos e de empreendedorismo) ou disfuncional (consumo de drogas, comportamentos de risco, depressão) no processo desenvolvimental dos sujeitos. São apresentados dois estudos, de forma a validar esta tese. No primeiro é explorada a relação entre a PT e o desempenho académico, os resultados sugerem que os sujeitos com uma forte visão Fatalista do Presente assim como aqueles com baixa orientação para o Futuro, apresentam piores resultados académicos do que aqueles com uma forte orientação pessoal para o Futuro, resultados que são coincidentes com outros estudos prévios (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004; Lens & Tsuzuki, 2007). No segundo estudo é analisada a relação da PT com a auto-estima, no qual se verifica uma importante relação entre as dimensões de Passado Negativo, Presente Hedonista e Futuro Negativo com a auto-estima

A global look at time: a 24-country study of the equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes

Perspektywa czasowa a samoocena: wpływ negatywnej temporalności na sposób oceniania samego siebie

Time Perspective is the process by which people categorize, archive and recover personal and social experiences through temporal frames (past, present, and future), influencing various aspects of human behaviour and cognition. It was proposed that it is related to selfesteem, though until now the main approach when exploring this relation was correlational. In this study, we explore a structural equation model of Time Perspective’s association with Self-Esteem. The sample was composed of 474 undergraduate students with a mean age of 19 years. The final model presented a high predictive power of Self-Esteem (R2 =.39, p < .001) and good fit indices (x2/df = 2.1, CFI = .94, GFI = .91, RMSEA = .05) with two temporal dimensions entering the model: Past Negative (βSelf-Esteem.PastNegative = -.52, p < .001) and Future-Negative (βSelf-Esteem.FutureNegative = -.17, p < .001) showing that negative affects of time dimensions (rather than positive ones) are more related to Self-Esteem. Results are discussed in relation to Self-Esteem and TP literature

Budismo tibetano y personalidad. Estudio cualitativo sobre el impacto subjetivo del budismo en la personalidad y ansiedad de futuro de practicantes uruguayos

Uruguay. Previously, in a quantitative and cross-sectional study, we compared 52 Tibetan Buddhists with religious and non-religious population, showing significantly lower differences for Future Anxiety, Aggression-Hostility and Activity, when comparing the Buddhist group with the rest, and in Neuroticism-Anxiety when compared only with the religious group. The current article shows the qualitative results of the project, with a sample of 14 Buddhists. In-depth interviews were used to explore participants’ perception of psychological changes attributed to Buddhism. The qualitative analysis converged in certain results when compared to the quantitative counterpart. The results describe participants’ perception of changes in constructs/facets related to Aggression-Hostility, Future Anxiety and Neuroticism-Anxiety. The analysis of the constructs Activity and Sociability-Extraversion allowed to a better comprehension of Tibetans’ “ascetic” profile. Regarding the divergences between both qualitative and quantitative studies, although the constructs related to Sensation Seeking-Impulsivity were not significant in the previous quantitative study, in this qualitative part they acquired special relevance. In order to understand these changes, and following the practitioners’ narratives, we searched for relationships between the psychological constructs studied and the religious dimensions of “belief”, “practice” and “belong”. Buddhist beliefs were especially considered as interpretative frameworks that provide a greater perception of control around daily life problems. The meditative practice was perceived as a space for psychological transformation. Finally, the community was understood as a supportive network for the practice and transmission of Buddhism.Este estudio forma parte de un proyecto de investigación sobre budismo y personalidad en Uruguay. Anteriormente, en un estudio cuantitativo y transversal, comparamos 52 budistas tibetanos con población religiosa y no religiosa, mostrando diferencias significativamente más bajas para Ansiedad de Futuro, Agresión-Hostilidad y Actividad, al comparar el grupo budista con los restantes. Además, se encontraron diferencias significativamente más bajas en Neuroticismo-Ansiedad al comparar el grupo budista solamente con el grupo religioso. El presente artículo describe los resultados cualitativos de dicho estudio, con una muestra de 14 budistas. Se utilizaron entrevistas semidirigidas que indagaron en la percepción de cambios psicológicos atribuidos al budismo por parte de los practicantes. El análisis cualitativo convergió en ciertos aspectos con la parte cuantitativa, describiendo la percepción de cambios a nivel de los constructos/facetas relacionados a Agresión-Hostilidad, Ansiedad de Futuro y Neuroticismo-Ansiedad. El análisis de los constructos de Actividad y Sociabilidad-Extraversión permitió profundizar en el perfil “ascético” de los budistas tibetanos. En cuanto a las divergencias, si bien los constructos relacionados a Búsqueda de Sensaciones-Impulsividad no fueron significativos en el estudio cuantitativo anterior, en esta parte cualitativa adquirieron especial relevancia. Para entender dichos cambios, y siguiendo a las narrativas de los practicantes, buscamos relaciones entre los constructos psicológicos estudiados y las dimensiones religiosas del “creer”, “practicar” y “pertenecer”. Las creencias budistas fueron especialmente consideradas en tanto marcos interpretativos que brindan una mayor percepción de control en torno a problemas de la vida cotidiana. La práctica meditativa fue percibida como un espacio de transformación psicológica. Por último, la comunidad fue entendida como un sostén de la práctica y transmisión del budismo