Immune landscapes predict chemotherapy resistance and immunotherapy response in acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a molecularly and clinically heterogeneous hematological malignancy. Although immunotherapy may be an attractive modality to exploit in patients with AML, the ability to predict the groups of patients and the types of cancer that will respond to immune targeting remains limited. This study dissected the complexity of the immune architecture of AML at high resolution and assessed its influence on therapeutic response. Using 442 primary bone marrow samples from three independent cohorts of children and adults with AML, we defined immune-infiltrated and immune-depleted disease classes and revealed critical differences in immune gene expression across age groups and molecular disease subtypes. Interferon (IFN)–γ–related mRNA profiles were predictive for both chemotherapy resistance and response of primary refractory/relapsed AML to flotetuzumab immunotherapy. Our compendium of microenvironmental gene and protein profiles provides insights into the immuno-biology of AML and could inform the delivery of personalized immunotherapies to IFN-γ–dominant AML subtypes

Could recidivism in prisoners be linked to traumatic grief? A review of the evidence

© 2008 Informa plcTraumatic grief arises as a result of interpersonal trauma experienced as a betrayal of attachment. The distinct set of symptoms associated with it were first recognized in the 1990s. Losses associated with traumatic grief can be either death or non-death related. A variety of studies have demonstrated that many prisoners have suffered from losses and trauma throughout their lives, and in many instances they have never received any support or interventions to address resultant problems. This paper examines whether there could be a relationship between many of the maladaptive behaviours demonstrated by the prisoners (including substance use), mental illness and traumatic grief. Of particular importance is the exploration of whether the high rates of recidivism seen in many developed countries (and which in Australia have been reported as high as 77%) may be related to traumatic grief. This paper explores new concepts that may be relevant to the development of strategies to reduce recidivism.Raelene M. Leach ; Teresa Burgess ; Chris Holmwoo