Microbiology and treatment of endodontic infections

Orientador: Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida GomesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a redução microbiana e de endotoxinas após o preparo químico-mecânico (PQM) e uso de medicamentos intracanais (MI) e a susceptibilidade de algumas espécies bacterianas frente a antimicrobianos. As amostras foram obtidas de dentes com polpa necrosada e lesão periapical, em diversas etapas do tratamento. Foram utilizados meios de transporte, cultura e incubação que proporcionaram o crescimento de microrganismos anaeróbios estritos. Os microrganismos foram identificados por testes bioquímicos padronizados e as endotoxinas quantificadas pelo teste Lisado de Amebócito de Limulus (LAL). O E-test foi utilizado para avaliar a susceptibilidade dos agentes antimicrobianos: benzilpenicilina, amoxicilina, eritromicina, azitromicina, cefaclor, amoxicilina+ácido clavulânico, metronidazol e clindamicina. Os resultados mostraram que as amostras coletadas dos canais radiculares com lesão periapical apresentaram microrganismos em todos os casos, as unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC/mL) variaram de 4x105 a 2,6x106. Os microrganismos mais encontrados foram: Propionibacterium acnes, Gemella morbillorum, Actinomyces naeslundii e Eubacterium lentum. As endotoxinas estavam presentes em todas amostras iniciais, variando entre 62,93 e 214,56 UE/mL. O PQM mostrou redução de mais de 99% da microbiota e de 57% da concentração de endotoxinas. Após o uso da MI foram encontrados microrganismos em 54% dos casos, a concentração de endotoxina aumentou consideravelmente comparada ao primeiro PQM. Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os MI testados. Os antimicrobianos mais eficazes foram a amoxicilina e amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico. Fusobacterium sp. mostraram certa resistência a eritromicina e clindamicina. Em conclusão, os resultados microbiológicos sugerem que o PQM foi responsável pela maior redução na quantidade de microrganismos e endotoxinas. A amoxicilina ou amoxilina + ácido clavulânico devem ser as medicações de primeira escolha quando necessário o emprego de um agente antimicrobiano via sistêmica, para pacientes alérgios aos beta-lactâmicos a azitromicina seria uma alternativaAbstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vivo the microbial and endotoxins load after chemo-mechanical preparation (CMP) and after the use of intracanal medications (ICM), it was also aimed to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial suscetibility from some microrganisms isolated. Samples were colected of single root teeth containing necrotic pulp tissue and periapical bone lesions, in several stage of the endodontic treatment. Transport medium, culture and incubation in favour of strict anaerobic microorganisms to grow were used. Microorganisms were identifyed by biochemichal tests and endotoxins quantified by Limulus Amebocite lysate (LAL) test. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by E-test method using the following antibiotics: benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, erythromycin, azithromycin, cephaclor, metronidazole, and clindamycin. Results showed that microorganisms were present in all teeth containing necrotic pulp tissue and periapical bone lesion, the colony forming unit (CFU/mL) ranged from 4x105 to 2.6x106. The microorganisms most frequent isolated were Propionibacterium acnes, Gemella morbillorum, Actinomyces naeslundii and Eubacterium lentum. Endotoxin was also present in all initial samples, ranging from 62.93 to 214.56 UE/mL. Post CMP samples showed more than 99% reduction of cultivable microbiota and 57% (mean value) of endotoxin concentration. After 7 days of ICM, residual microorganisms were still found in 54.1% of the cases and the endotoxin concentration increased considerably compared to the first CMP. No statistically significant differences among the intracanal medicament groups were found. In conclusion, the microbiological results sugested that CMP was responsible for the majority of the microbial and endotoxin reduction. Amoxicilin and amoxicilin plus clavulanic acid were the best antimicrobial agents, as all bacterial strains tested were susceptible to their action. Some Fusobacterium spp. showed to be resistant to eritromycin. In conclusion, the microbiologic results suggest that chemo-mechanical preparation was responsable for mainly microbial and endotoxin reduction. Amoxicilin and amoxicilin puls clavulanic acid are the first choice when required to use a systemic antimicrobial agent, as alternative to alergic patients the azitromicin is an optionDoutoradoEndodontiaDoutor em Clínica Odontológic

Atividade antimicrobiana de alguns medicamentos utilizados como irrigantes e medicações intracanais

Orientador: Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida GomesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: Este trabalho teve como proposta avaliar in vitro a propriedade antimicrobiana de várias substâncias químicas. As soluções irrigadoras intracanais testadas foram: a) hipoclorito de sódio e b) clorexidina utilizados como irrigantes intracanais. Os medicamentos intracanais testados foram: c) clorexidina geI 2%, d) hidróxido de cálcio e e) associação da clorexidina gel 2% e hidróxido de cálcio. A atividade antimicrobiana das substâncias foi avaliada frente a microrganismos aeróbios, anaeróbios facultativos e anaeróbios estritos. Para realização deste trabalho foram empregadas duas metodologias: Método de Difusão em Ágar e Método do Contato Direto. Pôde-se verificar que dentre os irrigantes testados, NaOCI a 5,25%, clorexidina gel e líquida 2% e clorexidina líquida 1% necessitaram de 1 minuto ou menos para eliminar os microrganismos testados. As pastas de 'Ca(OH) IND. 2¿ com paramonoclorofenol canforado apresentaram os maiores halos de inibição e necessitaram de menores tempos para eliminar os microrganismos aeróbios e anaeróbios facultativos. A associação da clorexidina gel 2% com 'Ca(OH) IND. 2¿ apresentou menor atividade que a clorexidina gel 2% e maior atividade que a pasta de 'Ca(OH) IND. 2¿ com água destilada. Concluímos que todos irrigantes e medicamentos intracanais testados tiveram atividade antimicrobiana, sendo que esta atividade variou de acordo com as formulações empregadasAbstract: The aim of the present work was to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial property of various medicaments. The intracanal irrigating solutions testes were a) sodium hypochlorite and b) chlorhexidine. The intracanal medicaments were c) 2% chlorhexidine gel, d) calcium hydroxide combined with several vehicles, and e) calcium hydroxide combined with 2% chlorhexidine gel. The antimicrobial activity of the substances was evaluated against aerobic, facultative anaerobic and strict anaerobic microorganisms. For the accomplishment of this work Agar Diffusion Method and Broth Dilution Test methodologies were used. It could be verified that amongst the tested irrigants the 5.25% NaOCI, and the 2% chlorhexidine needed 1 min or less to eliminate the tested microorganisms. The 'Ca(OH) IND. 2¿ pastes with CMCP presented the largest inhibitions growth zones and needed a shorter length of time to eliminate the aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms. The 2% chlorhexidine gel combined with 'Ca(OH) IND. 2¿ presented intermediate antimicrobial activity, being smaller than 2% chlorhexidine gel and larger than the 'Ca(OH) IND. 2¿ with sterile water. We concluded that ali tested irrigants and intracanal medicaments showed antimicrobial activity, which varied in accordance with their formulationsMestradoEndodontiaMestre em Clínica Odontológic

Antibiotic Prescription in Endodontics: A Transversal Observational Study Comparing Dental Students and General Dental Practitioners in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Objective: To evaluate and compare antibiotic prescriptions for endodontic infections of last-year undergraduate Dentistry students and dental surgeons from Brazil. Material and Methods: A questionnaire comprised of 15 questions was applied, including a series of hypothetical clinical cases through multiple choice questions. The survey respondents had the option to respond in favor or against the prescription of antimicrobials in each case. Afterwards, the commented answer keys of all topics contained in the survey form were released for educational purpose. Results: A total of 42 undergraduates and 115 dental surgeons answered the survey. Regarding the questions about antimicrobial prescriptions, 91.3% of the professional dentists and 69.8% of the dentistry students indicated that they prescribe antibiotics for a limited number of patients. However, when they responded about drug recommendations, most professionals (76.5%) and students (76.7%) chose to recommend antimicrobials without any clinical recommendation. Conclusion: In the groups herein evaluated, many antibiotic prescriptions could have been avoided. The rational use of these drugs is still a conduct that needs further disclosure and commitment among prescribers

In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of five root canal sealers

The aim of the present study was to analyze the antimicrobial properties of five endodontic sealers: Endo Fill, Endomethasone, Endomethasone N, Sealer 26 and AH-Plus, against the following microorganisms: Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus sanguis and Actinomyces naeslundii. The sealers were tested immediately, 24 h, 48 h and 7 days after manipulation.The direct contact method through the observation of the microbial growth in liquid medium and the agar diffusion test were used to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the sealers. The results, in both methodologies used, showed that immediately after manipulation, Endo-Fill and Endomethasone demonstrated the highest antimicrobial activity, with no statistically significant difference between them. Sealer 26 demonstrated the lowest antimicrobial activity. At all other times after manipulation, there were no statistically significant differences among all the sealers tested. In conclusion, none of the sealers totally inhibited the growth of the microorganisms. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of each sealer decreased with time and was dependent upon the microbial susceptibility to them.O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as propriedades antimicrobianas de cinco cimentos endodônticos: Endo Fill, Endomethasone, Endomethasone N, Sealer 26 e AH-Plus, em diferentes períodos pós-manipulação, i.e., imediatamente e após 24 horas, 48 horas e 7 dias, contra os seguintes microrganismos: Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus sanguis e Actinomyces naeslundii. Os métodos usados foram o contato direto através da observação do crescimento microbiano em meio líquido e o teste de difusão em agar. Os resultados, nas duas metodologias usadas, mostraram que: 1) imediatamente após a manipulação, Endo-Fill e Endomethasone apresentaram a maior atividade antimicrobiana, sem diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre eles. Sealer 26 teve a menor atividade antimicrobiana; 2) nos outros tempos pós-manipulação, não houveram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os cimentos testados. Foi concluído que nenhum dos cimentos inibiu completamente o crescimento dos microrganismos testados. A atividade antimicrobiana de cada cimento diminuiu com o tempo e dependeu da suscetibilidade microbiana a eles.3035Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

In vitro evaluation of the susceptibility of endodontic pathogens to calcium hydroxide combined with different vehicles

The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] in combination with different vehicles against endodontic pathogens. For such purpose, a broth dilution test was performed. Pastes were prepared with Ca(OH)2 powder and the following vehicles: sterile water, glycerin, camphorated monochlorophenol (CMCP), CMCP + glycerin, polyethyleneglycol and CMCP + polyethyleneglycol. The time required for the pastes to produce negative cultures against the tested microorganisms was recorded and analyzed statistically using the Kruskal Wallis test at 5% significance level. Timing for pastes to eliminate the aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms ranged from 6 to 24 h, while strict anaerobic microorganisms were inhibited within 30 s to 5 min. Microbial susceptibility, ranked from weakest to strongest, can be presented as follows: Enterococcus faecalis (the most resistant microorganism), Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis and Prevotella intermedia (the last two microorganisms required the same time to be eliminated). In conclusion, calcium hydroxide pastes needed more time to eliminate facultative than anaereobic microorganisms. These findings suggest that the antimicrobial property is related both to paste formulation and to microbial susceptibility.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro a atividade antimicrobiana do hidróxido de cálcio [Ca(OH)2] em associação com diferentes veículos frente a patógenos endodônticos. O teste de difusão em caldo foi utilizado. Foram preparadas pastas com pó de Ca(OH)2 e os seguintes veículos: água destilada, glicerina, PMCC (paramonoclorofenol canforado), PMCC + glicerina, e PMCC + polietilenoglicol. O tempo necessário para as pastas produzirem culturas negativas frente aos microorganismos testados foi registrado e analisado estatisticamente por meio do teste de Kruskal Wallis com nível de significância de 5%. Foram necessárias de 6 a 24 h para eliminar os microrganismos aeróbios e facultativos e de 30 s a 5 min para os anaeróbios estritos. A suscetibilidade microbiana em ordem crescente foi: Enterococcus faecalis (patógeno mais resistente), Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis e Prevotella intermedia (os últimos dois microrganismos necessitaram do mesmo tempo para serem eliminados). Concluiu-se que as pastas de hidróxido de cálcio necessitaram de maior tempo para eliminar os microrganismos facultativos do que os anaeróbios. Esses achados sugerem que a propriedade antimicrobiana está relacionada tanto à formulação da pasta quanto à suscetibilidade microbiana.175180Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Case complexity of root canal treatments accepted for training in a secondary care setting assessed by three complexity grading systems: a service evaluation.

Aims To evaluate the complexity of root canal treatments accepted for treatment by postgraduate training grades at Cardiff University Dental Hospital (CUDH) using the English Commissioning Standard for Restorative Dentistry (ECS) in comparison with the American Association of Endodontists case complexity form (AAE) and the Restorative Index of Treatment Need (RIOTN). Methodology Two hundred case records were evaluated using the AAE, RIOTN and ECS scoring systems. Each case received a score from minimal to high complexity (1–3). Examiners were calibrated and inter-examiner reliability calculated using the percentage agreement. Frequency of scores were then compared. Results Most cases were at level 3 and assessment varied amongst the criteria used (AAE: 99.5%, RIOTN: 65.5% and ECS: 55.5%). The AAE factor ‘endodontic treatment history’ was largely responsible for differing scores when compared with the RIOTN (78%) and ECS (64%). The RIOTN factor regarding post treatment disease (‘endodontic retreatment’) was responsible for increased complexity compared with ECS in most cases (74%). The ECS factor ‘quality of root filling’ was the most common reason (85%) for an increase in complexity compared with RIOTN. Conclusions Within the limitations of this service evaluation, it was possible to conclude that a high proportion of cases treated by training grades at CUDH were of a high complexity level (level 3) using the three guidelines (ECS, AAE and RIOTN). These cases were appropriate for postgraduate training under various levels of supervision and substantiated by the findings reported here. The factors responsible for a large part of difference in allocation of scores amongst the systems were ‘endodontic treatment history’, ‘root canal retreatment’ and ‘quality of root filling’

Influence of remaining axial walls on failure of root filled teeth restored with a single crown and adhesively bonded fibre post: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

Systematic revie

Antibiotic Prescription in Endodontics: A Transversal Observational Study Comparing Dental Students and General Dental Practitioners in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Objective: To evaluate and compare antibiotic prescriptions for endodontic infections of last-year undergraduate Dentistry students and dental surgeons from Brazil. Material and Methods: A questionnaire comprised of 15 questions was applied, including a series of hypothetical clinical cases through multiple choice questions. The survey respondents had the option to respond in favor or against the prescription of antimicrobials in each case. Afterwards, the commented answer keys of all topics contained in the survey form were released for educational purpose. Results: A total of 42 undergraduates and 115 dental surgeons answered the survey. Regarding the questions about antimicrobial prescriptions, 91.3% of the professional dentists and 69.8% of the dentistry students indicated that they prescribe antibiotics for a limited number of patients. However, when they responded about drug recommendations, most professionals (76.5%) and students (76.7%) chose to recommend antimicrobials without any clinical recommendation. Conclusion: In the groups herein evaluated, many antibiotic prescriptions could have been avoided. The rational use of these drugs is still a conduct that needs further disclosure and commitment among prescribers