A fábrica da insegurança entre lenda urbana e gestão (Caracas)

Caracas figures among the most dangerous cities in the world. Moving beyond the Venezuelan case, though, this article argues that the regional (Latin American) discourse and even global discourses on insecurity need to be territorialized. The social, cultural and political contingencies in Venezuela over the last few decades, the actions of the Chavist governments and the sociospatial inequalities of the conflict-ridden Caracas society presides over a unique construction of urban insecurity as a metanarrative. This article emphasizes the performative dimension of the narrative of insecurity, a genuine urban legend in Caracas, and the emergence of innovative forms of local security governance - spaces of regulation that throw into question the roles and statuses previously assumed by the urban actors.Caracas figura entre as cidades mais perigosas do mundo. Para além do caso venezuelano, o discurso regional (latino-americano), e mesmo global, sobre insegurança deve ser territorializado. As contingências sociais, culturais e políticas na Venezuela, nas últimas décadas, a atuação dos governos chavistas e as desigualdades socioespaciais da conflituosa sociedade caraquenha presidem a uma singular construção da insegurança urbana como metanarrativa. Neste artigo, destacam-se a dimensão performativa da narrativa de insegurança, verdadeira lenda urbana em Caracas, e o surgimento de formas inovadoras de governança local da segurança - espaços de regulação que põem em questão os papéis e os estatutos anteriormente assumidos pelos atores urbanos

Pactos comunitários e proteção em San Salvador

This article explores the frontier experience now pervasive in working-class urban districts of El Salvador. Considered one of the most violent countries in Latin America, the response of the governments has been to combat the gangs. However, rather than falling, rates of violence have been on the increase. The interest here is analyzing the distinct pacts that the communities make in search of protection, part of a scenario in which a multitude of actors determine the legal and illegal dynamics of the neighbourhoods. Based on research conducted in two emblematic districts, the article discusses state power in the management of illegalisms and the use of state violence.Este artigo é uma reflexão sobre a experiência de fronteira que hoje se vive nos bairros populares urbanos de El Salvador. Considerado como um dos países mais violentos da América Latina, a resposta dos governos tem sido o combate às gangues. Porém, os índices de violência, ao contrário de diminuir, têm aumentado. Interessa aqui analisar os distintos pactos que as comunidades realizam em busca de proteção, em um cenário no qual uma multiplicidade de atores determina as dinâmicas legais e ilegais dos bairros. Com base em uma pesquisa realizada em dois bairros emblemáticos, este artigo discute o poder estatal na gestão de ilegalismos e o uso da violência de direito

Pactos comunitários e proteção em San Salvador Community pacts and protection in San Salvador

Este artigo é uma reflexão sobre a experiência de fronteira que hoje se vive nos bairros populares urbanos de El Salvador. Considerado como um dos países mais violentos da América Latina, a resposta dos governos tem sido o combate às gangues. Porém, os índices de violência, ao contrário de diminuir, têm aumentado. Interessa aqui analisar os distintos pactos que as comunidades realizam em busca de proteção, em um cenário no qual uma multiplicidade de atores determina as dinâmicas legais e ilegais dos bairros. Com base em uma pesquisa realizada em dois bairros emblemáticos, este artigo discute o poder estatal na gestão de ilegalismos e o uso da violência de direito.This article explores the frontier experience now pervasive in working-class urban districts of El Salvador. Considered one of the most violent countries in Latin America, the response of the governments has been to combat the gangs. However, rather than falling, rates of violence have been on the increase. The interest here is analyzing the distinct pacts that the communities make in search of protection, part of a scenario in which a multitude of actors determine the legal and illegal dynamics of the neighbourhoods. Based on research conducted in two emblematic districts, the article discusses state power in the management of illegalisms and the use of state violence

A fábrica da insegurança entre lenda urbana e gestão (Caracas) The insecurity factory: between urban legend and management (Caracas)

Caracas figura entre as cidades mais perigosas do mundo. Para além do caso venezuelano, o discurso regional (latino-americano), e mesmo global, sobre insegurança deve ser territorializado. As contingências sociais, culturais e políticas na Venezuela, nas últimas décadas, a atuação dos governos chavistas e as desigualdades socioespaciais da conflituosa sociedade caraquenha presidem a uma singular construção da insegurança urbana como metanarrativa. Neste artigo, destacam-se a dimensão performativa da narrativa de insegurança, verdadeira lenda urbana em Caracas, e o surgimento de formas inovadoras de governança local da segurança - espaços de regulação que põem em questão os papéis e os estatutos anteriormente assumidos pelos atores urbanos.Caracas figures among the most dangerous cities in the world. Moving beyond the Venezuelan case, though, this article argues that the regional (Latin American) discourse and even global discourses on insecurity need to be territorialized. The social, cultural and political contingencies in Venezuela over the last few decades, the actions of the Chavist governments and the sociospatial inequalities of the conflict-ridden Caracas society presides over a unique construction of urban insecurity as a metanarrative. This article emphasizes the performative dimension of the narrative of insecurity, a genuine urban legend in Caracas, and the emergence of innovative forms of local security governance - spaces of regulation that throw into question the roles and statuses previously assumed by the urban actors

Sob o signo neoliberal: as relações internacionais da América Latina

As relações internacionais da América Latina são vistas sob o ângulo da transição da diplomacia do desenvolvimento para a diplomacia neoliberal. Os estudos de relações internacionais, particularmente no Brasil e na Argentina, fundamentam a interpretação do autor sobre benefícios e malogros do paradigma neoliberal, visto como uma opção ideológica. A noção de Estado logístico é sugerida como alternativa estratégica ao Estado normal.<br>In this article, international relations in Latin America are analysed through the viewpoint of the transition from a diplomacy of development to a neoliberal model. Studies in International Relations as a discipline, especially those carried out in Brazil and Argentina, are the basis for the author's interpretation about benefits and failures of the neoliberal paradigm, understood as an ideological option. The author forwards the notion of Logistic State as a strategic alternative to the Normal State

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora