Interactions et relations d’interdépendance dans la formation de l’État moderne

Depuis la seconde moitié du 20e siècle, l’historiographie s’est considérablement enrichie de travaux portant sur la genèse de l’État moderne. Les deux programmes de recherche menés de 1984 à 1993 au CNRS et à l’European Science Foundation (ESF) par Jean-Philippe Genet et Wim Blockmans ont contribué à éclairer les principaux auteurs ainsi que les différentes traditions ayant marqué l’historiographie de l’État moderne. La plus connue d’entre elles est sans doute celle basée sur les travaux du s..

Une oisiveté dangereuse. Vers une réglementation du “temps libre” dans les armées bourguignonnes sous Charles le Hardi (1471-1477)

Cet article traite des réformes disciplinaires du duc de Bourgogne Charles le Hardi en matière militaire entre 1471 et 1476. Plus spécifiquement, on analysera la tentative du duc de réglementer le « temps libre » des soldats bourguignons lorsqu’ils n’étaient pas en train de manœuvrer ou de combattre sur le champ de bataille. Le principal argument défendu ici est qu’en interdisant certaines activité de divertissement, tels les jeux de dé ou les beuveries, et en instituant des entraînements collectifs aléatoires afin de prévenir la désertion et insuffler un esprit de loyauté parmi les gens de guerre, Charles tenta de diffuser un nouveau modèle de discipline militaire dans ses armées ; un modèle qui, en dépit des échecs du duc, peut être considéré comme l’un des points d’origine de la révolution militaire du XVIe siècle.This paper discusses the duke of Burgundy Charles the Bold’s disciplinary reforms on military matters from 1471 to 1476. More precisely, it focuses on the duke’s intent to regulate the “free time” of Burgundian soldiers when they were not maneuvering or fighting at battle. The main argument formulated here is that by prohibiting several spare-time activities such as dice games or binge drinking and by instituting random collective training in order to prevent desertion and inspire loyalty to men of war, Charles tried to spread a new model of military discipline in his armies ; a model which, in spite of the duke’s failures, can be considered as a starting point of the sixteenth-century military revolution

Nanosecond pulsed discharges in N2 and N2/H2O mixtures

Nanosecond pulsed discharges in N2 and N2/H2O at atmospheric pressure between two pin-shaped electrodes are studied. The evolution of the discharge is investigated with time-resolved imaging and optical emission spectroscopy. The discharge consists of three phases, the ignition (mainly molecular emission), spark (mainly atomic and ionic emission) and recombination phase (mainly atomic emission). The electron density is obtained by broadening of the N 746 nm and Ha line and reaches very high values up to 4 10^24 m^-3. The gas temperature is obtained by OES and Rayleigh scattering

First record of the round goby, <i>Neogobius melanostomus</i> (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Gobiidae) in Belgium

Almost six years after the first finding of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Gobiidae) in the Netherlands, several specimens of this invasive Ponto-Caspian benthic fish were also recorded in the Belgian part of the River Scheldt and in the Albert Canal. This is the first record of the round goby in Belgium

Discipliner par la grâce. Les lettres de rémission aux gens de guerre dans l’État bourguignon au XVe siècle

Cet article traite de l’usage du droit de grâces par les ducs de Bourgogne au XVe siècle en tant qu’outil disciplinaire. Plus spécifiquement, il s’intéresse aux lettres de rémission accordées aux soldats. En comparant le contenu de ces grâces avec les normes prescrites par la législation militaire, cette recherche envisage la possibilité d’un « gouvernement par la grâce » des armées bourguignonnes. L’incrimination des formes les plus extrêmes de la brutalité militaire, ainsi que les nombreuses grâces délivrées aux combattants qui faisaient un usage modéré et légitime de la violence, suggèrent que les ducs de Bourgogne cherchèrent à promouvoir l’image idéalisée d’un soldat professionnel et obéissant, loyal serviteur de l’État.This article seeks to investigate the use of the power to pardon by the dukes of Burgundy as a disciplinary tool in the fifteenth century. More specifically, it focuses on the remission letters granted to soldiers. By comparing the contents of these pardons with the norms elaborated by the military legislation, this study envisages the possibility of a “government by pardoning” towards the Burgundian armies. The criminalization of the most extreme forms of military brutality, together with the numerous pardons delivered to the combatants who had a moderated and legitimated use of violence, suggest that the dukes tried to promote the idealized image of a professional, obedient soldier, as a loyal servant of the State

DERMITE DE CONTACTO ALÉRGICA AO METILCLORO- E METILISOTIAZOLINONA NUMA CAMA DE ÁGUA?

We here report a case of a severe generalized allergic contact dermatitis from contact with the surface of a water bed which happened to be contaminated with the water inside that had been treated with the biocide mixture of methylchloro- and methylisothiazolinone.KEYWORDS – Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Thiazoles.Descrevemos um caso clínico de dermite de contacto alérgica, grave e generalizada, resultante de con- tacto com a superfície de cama de água, que estava contaminada pela água do interior que tinha sido tratada pela mistura biocida de metilcloro- e metilisotiazolinona.PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Dermatite de Contacto Alérgica

Patterns of trophic niche divergence between invasive and native fishes in wild communities are predictable from mesocosm studies

1. Ecological theory attempts to predict how impacts for native species arise from biological invasions. A fundamental question centres on the feeding interactions of invasive and native species: whether invasion will result in increased interspecific competition, which would result in negative consequences for the competing species, or trophic niche divergence, which would facilitate the invader’s integration into the community and their coexistence with native species. 2. Here, the feeding interactions of a highly invasive fish, topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, with three native and functionally similar fishes were studied to determine whether patterns of either niche overlap or divergence detected in mesocosm experiments were apparent between the species at larger spatial scales. Using stable isotope analysis, their feeding relationships were assessed initially in the mesocosms (1000 L) and then in small ponds (600 m2). 3. In the mesocosms, a consistent pattern of trophic niche divergence was evident between the sympatric fishes, with niches shifting further apart in isotopic space than suggested in allopatry, revealing that sharing of food resources was limited. Sympatric P. parva also had a smaller niche than their allopatric populations. 4. In eight small ponds where P. parva had coexisted for several years with at least one of the fish species used in the mesocosms, strong patterns of niche differentiation were also apparent, with P. parva always at a lower trophic position than the other fishes, as also occurred in the mesocosms. Where these fishes were sympatric within more complex fish communities in the large ponds, similar patterns were also apparent, with strong evidence of trophic niche differentiation. 5. Aspects of the ecological impacts of P. parva invasion for native communities in larger ponds were consistent with those in the mesocosm experiments. Their invasion resulted in divergence in trophic niches, partly due to their reduced niche widths when in sympatry with other species, facilitating their coexistence in invaded ecosystems. Our study highlights the utility of controlled mesocosm studies for predicting the trophic relationships that can develop from introductions of non-native species into more complex ecosystems and at larger spatial scales

Bio-Acoustic Tracking and Localization Using Heterogeneous, Scalable Microphone Arrays

Microphone arrays are an essential tool in the field of bioacoustics as they provide a non-intrusive way to study animal vocalizations and monitor their movement and behavior. Microphone arrays can be used for passive localization and tracking of sound sources while analyzing beamforming or spatial filtering of the emitted sound. Studying free roaming animals usually requires setting up equipment over large areas and attaching a tracking device to the animal which may alter their behavior. However, monitoring vocalizing animals through arrays of microphones, spatially distributed over their habitat has the advantage that unrestricted/unmanipulated animals can be observed. Important insights have been achieved through the use of microphone arrays, such as the convergent acoustic field of view in echolocating bats or context-dependent functions of avian duets. Here we show the development and application of large flexible microphone arrays that can be used to localize and track any vocalizing animal and study their bio-acoustic behavior. In a first experiment with hunting pallid bats the acoustic data acquired from a dense array with 64 microphones revealed details of the bats’ echolocation beam in previously unseen resolution. We also demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed microphone array system in a second experiment, where we used a different array architecture allowing to simultaneously localize several species of vocalizing songbirds in a radius of 75 m. Our technology makes it possible to do longer measurement campaigns over larger areas studying changing habitats and providing new insights for habitat conservation. The flexible nature of the technology also makes it possible to create dense microphone arrays that can enhance our understanding in various fields of bioacoustics and can help to tackle the analytics of complex behaviors of vocalizing animals