BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer

We describe and show results from a series of field campaigns that used balloonborne instruments launched from India and Saudi Arabia during the summers 2014-17 to study the nature, formation, and impacts of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). The campaign goals were to i) characterize the optical, physical, and chemical properties of the ATAL; ii) assess its impacts on water vapor and ozone; and iii) understand the role of convection in its formation. To address these objectives, we launched 68 balloons from four locations, one in Saudi Arabia and three in India, with payload weights ranging from 1.5 to 50 kg. We measured meteorological parameters; ozone; water vapor; and aerosol backscatter, concentration, volatility, and composition in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region. We found peaks in aerosol concentrations of up to 25 cm(-3) for radii \u3e 94 nm, associated with a scattering ratio at 940 nm of approximate to 1.9 near the cold-point tropopause. During medium-duration balloon flights near the tropopause, we collected aerosols and found, after offline ion chromatography analysis, the dominant presence of nitrate ions with a concentration of about 100 ng m(-3). Deep convection was found to influence aerosol loadings 1 km above the cold-point tropopause. The Balloon Measurements of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (BATAL) project will continue for the next 3-4 years, and the results gathered will be used to formulate a future National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Indian Space Research Organisation (NASA-ISRO) airborne campaign with NASA high-altitude aircraft

Observing the Impact of Calbuco Volcanic Aerosols on South Polar Ozone Depletion in 2015

The Southern Hemisphere Antarctic stratosphere experienced two noteworthy events in 2015: a significant injection of sulfur from the Calbuco volcanic eruption in Chile in April and a record-large Antarctic ozone hole in October and November. Here we quantify Calbuco's influence on stratospheric ozone depletion in austral spring 2015 using observations and an Earth system model. We analyze ozonesondes, as well as data from the Microwave Limb Sounder. We employ the Community Earth System Model, version 1, with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) in a specified dynamics setup, which includes calculations of volcanic effects. The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization data indicate enhanced volcanic liquid sulfate 532 nm backscatter values as far poleward as 68°S during October and November (in broad agreement with WACCM). Comparison of the location of the enhanced aerosols to ozone data supports the view that aerosols played a major role in increasing the ozone hole size, especially at pressure levels between 150 and 100 hPa. Ozonesonde vertical ozone profiles from the sites of Syowa, South Pole, and Neumayer display the lowest individual October or November measurements at 150 hPa since the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption period, with Davis showing similarly low values, but no available 1990 data. The analysis suggests that under the cold conditions ideal for ozone depletion, stratospheric volcanic aerosol particles from the moderate-magnitude eruption of Calbuco in 2015 greatly enhanced austral ozone depletion, particularly at 55–68°S, where liquid binary sulfate aerosols have a large influence on ozone concentrations

Dimensão cuidadora da enfermagem e da família na assistência à criança hospitalizada: concepções da enfermagem Dimensión cuidadora de la enfermería y de la familia en la asistencia al niño hospitalizado: concepciones de la enfermería Dimension of nursing and family care to hospitalized children: conceptions of nursing

A dimensão e o modo de participação da família, no cuidado à criança hospitalizada, tem sido tema de estudo da enfermagem. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar como está delineada a dimensão cuidadora da enfermagem e da família na assistência à criança hospitalizada. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com a equipe de enfermagem de um hospital-escola, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. A organização dos dados pautou-se na análise temática. Os resultados apontam que o trabalho realizado pela enfermagem está centrado em procedimentos; que a interação com a criança e sua família é tangencial no processo de cuidar; e que a família tem dividido cuidados com a equipe mas não tem sido compreendida como co-participante, tampouco incluída na perspectiva do cuidado. Defende-se que a criação de vínculo pode promover uma lógica do processo de trabalho, na perspectiva da integralidade e resgate da dimensão cuidadora da enfermagem.<br>A dimensión y el modo de participación de la familia, en el cuidado al niño hospitalizado, ha sido tema de estudios de la enfermería. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar como está delineada la dimensión cuidadora de la enfermería y de la familia en la asistencia al niño hospitalizado. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, realizada con el equipo de enfermería de un hospital escuela, por medio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. La organización de los datos se orientó por el análisis temático. Los resultados apuntan que el trabajo realizado por la enfermería está centrado en procedimientos. La interacción con el niño y su familia es tangencial en el proceso de cuidar. La familia ha dividido los cuidados con el equipo y no ha sido entendida como copartícipe, también no ha sido incluida en la perspectiva del cuidado. Defendemos que la producción de un vínculo puede promover una lógica del proceso de trabajo en la perspectiva integradora y rescatar la dimensión cuidadora de la enfermería.<br>Family participation in the care of a hospitalized child, both regarding its forms and dimension, has been a theme of study in nursing. The objective of this study was to analyze the organization of both nursing care and family care to the hospitalized child. This qualitative research was performed using semi-structured interviews with nursing staff of a school-hospital. Theme analysis was used to guide data organization. The results show that nursing care focuses on procedures. Interaction with the children and their family is tangential to the caring process. Families have shared responsibilities with the staff but have not been recognized as a co-participant or been included into the caring perspective. Efforts should be made to create bonds to promote a logic regarding the process of work within the integrality perspective and to rescue the caring dimension of nursing