On-chip generation of heralded photon-number states

Beyond the use of genuine monolithic integrated optical platforms, we report here a hybrid strategy enabling on-chip generation of configurable heralded two-photon states. More specifically, we combine two different fabrication techniques, \textit{i.e.}, non-linear waveguides on lithium niobate for efficient photon-pair generation and femtosecond-laser-direct-written waveguides on glass for photon manipulation. Through real-time device manipulation capabilities, a variety of path-coded heralded two-photon states can be produced, ranging from product to entangled states. Those states are engineered with high levels of purity, assessed by fidelities of 99.5$\pm$8\% and 95.0$\pm$8\%, respectively, obtained via quantum interferometric measurements. Our strategy therefore stands as a milestone for further exploiting entanglement-based protocols, relying on engineered quantum states, and enabled by scalable and compatible photonic circuits

Quantum optical frequency up-conversion for polarisation entangled qubits: towards interconnected quantum information devices

Realising a global quantum network requires combining individual strengths of different quantum systems to perform universal tasks, notably using flying and stationary qubits. However, transferring coherently quantum information between different systems is challenging as they usually feature different properties, notably in terms of operation wavelength and wavepacket. To circumvent this problem for quantum photonics systems, we demonstrate a polarisation-preserving quantum frequency conversion device in which telecom wavelength photons are converted to the near infrared, at which a variety of quantum memories operate. Our device is essentially free of noise which we demonstrate through near perfect single photon state transfer tomography and observation of high-fidelity entanglement after conversion. In addition, our guided-wave setup is robust, compact, and easily adaptable to other wavelengths. This approach therefore represents a major building block towards advantageously connecting quantum information systems based on light and matter.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Photonic quantum information processing: a review

Photonic quantum technologies represent a promising platform for several applications, ranging from long-distance communications to the simulation of complex phenomena. Indeed, the advantages offered by single photons do make them the candidate of choice for carrying quantum information in a broad variety of areas with a versatile approach. Furthermore, recent technological advances are now enabling first concrete applications of photonic quantum information processing. The goal of this manuscript is to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the state of the art in this active field, with a due balance between theoretical, experimental and technological results. When more convenient, we will present significant achievements in tables or in schematic figures, in order to convey a global perspective of the several horizons that fall under the name of photonic quantum information.Comment: 36 pages, 6 figures, 634 references. Updated version with minor changes and extended bibliograph

Challenging local realism with human choices

A Bell test is a randomized trial that compares experimental observations against the philosophical worldview of local realism 1, in which the properties of the physical world are independent of our observation of them and no signal travels faster than light. A Bell test requires spatially distributed entanglement, fast and high-efficiency detection and unpredictable measurement settings 2,3 . Although technology can satisfy the first two of these requirements 4-7, the use of physical devices to choose settings in a Bell test involves making assumptions about the physics that one aims to test. Bell himself noted this weakness in using physical setting choices and argued that human 'free will' could be used rigorously to ensure unpredictability in Bell tests 8 . Here we report a set of local-realism tests using human choices, which avoids assumptions about predictability in physics. We recruited about 100,000 human participants to play an online video game that incentivizes fast, sustained input of unpredictable selections and illustrates Bell-test methodology 9 . The participants generated 97,347,490 binary choices, which were directed via a scalable web platform to 12 laboratories on five continents, where 13 experiments tested local realism using photons 5,6, single atoms 7, atomic ensembles 10 and superconducting devices 11 . Over a 12-hour period on 30 November 2016, participants worldwide provided a sustained data flow of over 1,000 bits per second to the experiments, which used different human-generated data to choose each measurement setting. The observed correlations strongly contradict local realism and other realistic positions in bipartite and tripartite 12 scenarios. Project outcomes include closing the 'freedom-of-choice loophole' (the possibility that the setting choices are influenced by 'hidden variables' to correlate with the particle properties 13 ), the utilization of video-game methods 14 for rapid collection of human-generated randomness, and the use of networking techniques for global participation in experimental science

Challenging local realism with human choices

A Bell test is a randomized trial that compares experimental observations against the philosophical worldview of local realism. A Bell test requires spatially distributed entanglement, fast and high-efficiency detection and unpredictable measurement settings. Although technology can satisfy the first two of these requirements, the use of physical devices to choose settings in a Bell test involves making assumptions about the physics that one aims to test. Bell himself noted this weakness in using physical setting choices and argued that human `free will' could be used rigorously to ensure unpredictability in Bell tests. Here we report a set of local-realism tests using human choices, which avoids assumptions about predictability in physics. We recruited about 100,000 human participants to play an online video game that incentivizes fast, sustained input of unpredictable selections and illustrates Bell-test methodology. The participants generated 97,347,490 binary choices, which were directed via a scalable web platform to 12 laboratories on five continents, where 13 experiments tested local realism using photons, single atoms, atomic ensembles, and superconducting devices. Over a 12-hour period on 30 November 2016, participants worldwide provided a sustained data flow of over 1,000 bits per second to the experiments, which used different human-generated data to choose each measurement setting. The observed correlations strongly contradict local realism and other realistic positions in bipartite and tripartite scenarios. Project outcomes include closing the `freedom-of-choice loophole' (the possibility that the setting choices are influenced by `hidden variables' to correlate with the particle properties), the utilization of video-game methods for rapid collection of human generated randomness, and the use of networking techniques for global participation in experimental science.Comment: This version includes minor changes resulting from reviewer and editorial input. Abstract shortened to fit within arXiv limit

Vers les technologies quantiques basées sur l’intrication photonique

The aim of this thesis was to develop photonic entanglement sources and study their implementation in the general field of quantum information technologies. To this end, a novel fully wave-guided, high performance photonic entanglement source is presented, able to generate hyper-entangled states in the observables of polarization and energy-time by means of a nonlinear Sagnac loop. The waveguide-based design makes it flexible, reliable, and adaptable to a wide spectral range, paving the way towards compact photonic entanglement generators, compatible with fiber-based communication systems and networks. This has been underlined by generating and distributing hyperentanglement in 5x2 dense wavelength division multiplexed channel telecom pairs, simultaneously, towards higher bit rates. The quality of the generated entanglement has been qualified by violating the Bell inequalities in a 16-dimension Hilbert space. Moreover, to adapt the wavelength of the entangled telecom photon pairs to the absorption wavelength of current quantum memory systems, a coherent wavelength converter is demonstrated. Furthermore, within the framework of quantum metrology, a new concept for a high-precision chromatic dispersion (CD) measurement in standard single mode fibers is introduced and demonstrated. In this demonstration, due to conceptual advantages enabled by quantum optics, an unprecedented 2.6 times higher accuracy on CD measurements is shown, compared to state-of-the-art techniques. In the same context, a new protocol for measuring two-photon phase shifts is performed using single photon detection only, promising scalable and potential real device applications with limited resources and simplified detection schemes. Finally, any potential application of quantum optics will be realized using small-scale devices. In this framework, an integrated on-chip heralded path entanglement generator is demonstrated, and shown to be adaptable to logic gate operations.Le but de cette thèse est de développer des sources d’intrication photonique en vue d'applications en sciences information quantique. Dans ce contexte, nous présentons une source très performante et entièrement guidée permettant, au moyen d'une boucle de Sagnac, la génération d'états hyper-intriqués en polarisation et en énergie-temps. La configuration guidée rend le dispositif versatile, efficace et compatible avec une large bande spectrale, répondant ainsi au besoin des systèmes et réseaux de communication fibrés. À cette fin, nous avons distribué simultanément dans différents canaux télécoms des paires de photons hyper-intriqués au moyen de multiplexeurs en longueur d'onde à 5 canaux (DWDM), augmentant de fait le débit. La qualité de l'intrication est validée par la violation d'une inégalité de Bell étendue à un espace de Hilbert à 16 dimensions. Afin de pouvoir interfacer des photons aux longueurs d'ondes des télécommunications avec les bandes d'absorption des mémoires quantiques situées dans le visible, nous avons également développé une interface cohérente en longueur d'ondes. Un nouveau dispositif de métrologie quantique permettant la mesure avec une précision inégalée des effets de la dispersion chromatique dans les fibres optiques standards est également proposé. Notre approche "quantique" améliore la précision par un facteur 2.6 par rapport aux méthodes de mesures conventionnelles. Dans ce même contexte, nous avons aussi implémenté un nouveau protocole de métrologie de la phase de deux photons en ne détectant uniquement qu'un seul photon. Cette réalisation ouvre la voie à des applications potentielles simples s'appuyant sur peu de ressources au niveau de la détection. Finalement, dans la perspective de la miniaturisation de dispositifs quantiques, nous avons démontré un générateur d'intrication annoncée intégré sur puce qui trouve des applications en calcul et métrologie quantique

Towards quantum applications based on photonic entanglement

Le but de cette thèse est de développer des sources d’intrication photonique en vue d'applications en sciences information quantique. Dans ce contexte, nous présentons une source très performante et entièrement guidée permettant, au moyen d'une boucle de Sagnac, la génération d'états hyper-intriqués en polarisation et en énergie-temps. La configuration guidée rend le dispositif versatile, efficace et compatible avec une large bande spectrale, répondant ainsi au besoin des systèmes et réseaux de communication fibrés. À cette fin, nous avons distribué simultanément dans différents canaux télécoms des paires de photons hyper-intriqués au moyen de multiplexeurs en longueur d'onde à 5 canaux (DWDM), augmentant de fait le débit. La qualité de l'intrication est validée par la violation d'une inégalité de Bell étendue à un espace de Hilbert à 16 dimensions. Afin de pouvoir interfacer des photons aux longueurs d'ondes des télécommunications avec les bandes d'absorption des mémoires quantiques situées dans le visible, nous avons également développé une interface cohérente en longueur d'ondes. Un nouveau dispositif de métrologie quantique permettant la mesure avec une précision inégalée des effets de la dispersion chromatique dans les fibres optiques standards est également proposé. Notre approche "quantique" améliore la précision par un facteur 2.6 par rapport aux méthodes de mesures conventionnelles. Dans ce même contexte, nous avons aussi implémenté un nouveau protocole de métrologie de la phase de deux photons en ne détectant uniquement qu'un seul photon. Cette réalisation ouvre la voie à des applications potentielles simples s'appuyant sur peu de ressources au niveau de la détection. Finalement, dans la perspective de la miniaturisation de dispositifs quantiques, nous avons démontré un générateur d'intrication annoncée intégré sur puce qui trouve des applications en calcul et métrologie quantique.The aim of this thesis was to develop photonic entanglement sources and study their implementation in the general field of quantum information technologies. To this end, a novel fully wave-guided, high performance photonic entanglement source is presented, able to generate hyper-entangled states in the observables of polarization and energy-time by means of a nonlinear Sagnac loop. The waveguide-based design makes it flexible, reliable, and adaptable to a wide spectral range, paving the way towards compact photonic entanglement generators, compatible with fiber-based communication systems and networks. This has been underlined by generating and distributing hyperentanglement in 5x2 dense wavelength division multiplexed channel telecom pairs, simultaneously, towards higher bit rates. The quality of the generated entanglement has been qualified by violating the Bell inequalities in a 16-dimension Hilbert space. Moreover, to adapt the wavelength of the entangled telecom photon pairs to the absorption wavelength of current quantum memory systems, a coherent wavelength converter is demonstrated. Furthermore, within the framework of quantum metrology, a new concept for a high-precision chromatic dispersion (CD) measurement in standard single mode fibers is introduced and demonstrated. In this demonstration, due to conceptual advantages enabled by quantum optics, an unprecedented 2.6 times higher accuracy on CD measurements is shown, compared to state-of-the-art techniques. In the same context, a new protocol for measuring two-photon phase shifts is performed using single photon detection only, promising scalable and potential real device applications with limited resources and simplified detection schemes. Finally, any potential application of quantum optics will be realized using small-scale devices. In this framework, an integrated on-chip heralded path entanglement generator is demonstrated, and shown to be adaptable to logic gate operations