Un análisis psicosocial de la confianza en los grupos policiales: el caso de Cuernavaca (México)

El objetivo del presente estudio es examinar factores psicosociales relacionados con la interacción entre la policía y la ciudadanía que predicen la percepción de confianza en los grupos policiales en México. Participaron 2792 ciudadanos del municipio de Cuernavaca, Morelos (México), 57% mujeres y 43% hombres, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 60 años. Se realizaron análisis factoriales y se calculó un modelo de regresión logística. Se muestra que el factor más importante en la predicción de la confianza es la honestidad, seguida del desempeño. Se ofrece una discusión de los resultados y de sus implicaciones prácticas.The aim of the present study is to examine psychosocial factors related to the police and citizen interaction used to predict perceptions of trust and confidence in police forces in Mexico. Participants surveyed included 2792 citizens of the municipality of Cuernavaca, Mexico of both sexes (57% female, 43% male) ranging from 18 to 60 years old. Factorial analyses were completed and a logistical regression model was calculated. The results demonstrate that the most important factor in predicting trust is honesty, followed by performance. Finally, the results obtained and their practical implications are discussed.Departamento de Educación y Psicología SocialVersión del edito

Intraocular pressure responses to a virtual reality shooting simulation in active-duty members of the Spanish Army: The influence of task complexity

Ocular physiology is sensitive to cognitively demanding tasks. However, it is unknown whether the intraocular pressure is also affected by the cognitive demands of military operations. The main objective was to determine the impact of a virtual reality shooting simulation with two levels of complexity on intraocular pressure levels in military personnel. Eighteen active-duty members of the Spanish Army and eighteen civilians performed two 4 min simulated shooting tasks with two levels of complexity using a virtual reality. In the “easy” task participants performed a simulated shoot when the stimulus (military with a rifle) appeared, while in the “difficult” task the stimulus randomly was a military with a rifle or with his hands on the air and participants were instructed to respond only when the military with a rifle appeared. Intraocular pressure was measured with a rebound tonometer before and immediately after each task. Complementarily, perceived levels of mental load and shooting performance (reaction time) were assessed. Intraocular pressure was greater after completing the more complex task in both military personnel (p-value < 0.01, Cohen´s d = 1.19) and civilians (p-value < 0.01, Cohen´s d = 1.16). Also, perceived levels of task load and reaction time were higher in the difficult compared to the easy shooting tasks (both p < 0.001). The rise in intraocular pressure is positively associated with the cognitive demands of simulated military operations. The potential application of this finding is the development of objective tools based on intraocular pressure for the evaluation of the mental state in real-world contexts, permitting to improve soldiers´safety and performance.CEMIX (Centro Mixto UGR-MADOC, Army of Spain) 5/4/20 TR-COMBAT

Association of military-specific reaction time performance with physical fitness and visual skills

Background: The aim of the present study was to explore whether military-specific reaction time (RT) test performance is affected by individuals’ physical and visual skills. Method: In a single testing session, the military-specific Simple and Go, No-Go RT, aerobic power (20-m Multistage Shuttle Run test), maximal upper- and lower-body mechanical capacities (bench press and squat against different loads), and visual skills (multiple object tracking and dynamic visual acuity) of 30 young men (15 active-duty military personnel and 15 sport science students) were evaluated. Results: The main findings revealed that the Simple RT and Go, No-Go RT presented (1) with aerobic power non-significant small correlations in military personnel (r = −0.39 and −0.35, respectively) and non-significant negligible correlations in sport science students (r = −0.10 and 0.06, respectively), (2) inconsistent and generally non-significant correlations with the maximal mechanical capacities of the upper- and lower-body muscles (r range = −0.10, 0.67 and −0.27, 0.48, respectively), (3) non-significant correlations with visual skills (r magnitude ≥ 0.58) with the only exception of the Go, No-Go RT that was significantly correlated to all visual variables in the group of students (i.e., students who achieved better results during visual tests had shorter RT; r magnitude ≥ 0.58), and (4) none of the physical and visual variables significantly predicted the Simple RT or Go, No-Go RT. Conclusion: Altogether, these results indicate that military-specific RT performance is generally independent of physical and visual skills in both military personnel and active university students.CEMIX (Centro Mixto UGR-MADOC, Army of Spain) 5/4/20 TR-COMBATEMinistry of Education, Science & Technological Development, Serbia 451-03-9/2021-14/20015

Percepción sobre instituciones de seguridad y su relación con la percepción de inseguridad en el estado de Morelos

La percepción ciudadana en torno a la seguridad e instituciones de seguridad (confianza, honestidad y desempeño), evidencian la fortaleza o fragilidad institucional de resguardar la seguridad de las personas. Para explorar tales dimensiones se planteó como objetivo caracterizar la percepción sobre las instituciones de seguridad pública en el Estado de Morelos, así como discriminar en función de variables estructurales, la percepción y evaluación de las instituciones. Se obtuvo una muestra de 8,170 sujetos (50% mujeres y 50% hombres), de entre 12 y 60 años de edad, seleccionados a partir de un muestreo estratificado proporcional en función de la densidad poblacional de los 33 municipios del estado de Morelos. La percepción de seguridad es baja (65.2%) y se identifica una relación estadísticamente significativa con percibir baja confianza, poca honestidad y bajo desempeño en las instituciones de seguridad. A lo largo del texto se discute teóricamente las implicaciones sociales de los resultados

Percepción sobre instituciones de seguridad y su relación con la percepción de inseguridad en el estado de Morelos: Perception of security institutions and their relationship with the perception of insecurity in the state of Morelos

La percepción ciudadana en torno a la seguridad e instituciones de seguridad (confianza, honestidad y desempeño), evidencian la fortaleza o fragilidad institucional de resguardar la seguridad de las personas. Para explorar tales dimensiones se planteó como objetivo caracterizar la percepción sobre las instituciones de seguridad pública en el Estado de Morelos, así como discriminar en función de variables estructurales, la percepción y evaluación de las instituciones. Se obtuvo una muestra de 8,170 sujetos (50% mujeres y 50% hombres), de entre 12 y 60 años de edad, seleccionados a partir de un muestreo estratificado proporcional en función de la densidad poblacional de los 33 municipios del estado de Morelos. La percepción de seguridad es baja (65.2%) y se identifica una relación estadísticamente significativa con percibir baja confianza, poca honestidad y bajo desempeño en las instituciones de seguridad. A lo largo del texto se discute teóricamente las implicaciones sociales de los resultados

Teorias sobre o início da violência filio-parental desdea perspectiva parental: um estudo exploratório

Objetivo.Conocer las teorías implícitas que utilizan los padres víctimas de la violencia de sus hijos para explicar su inicio. Método.Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio cualitativo exploratorio siguiendo el método propuesto por la Teoría Fundamentada. La información fue obtenida a partir de seis grupos de discusión guiados por entrevistas semiestructuradas y analizada mediante ATLAS.ti 5.0. En total, participaron 42 progenitores víctimas de violencia filio-parental (VFP;18 padres y 24 madres) seleccionados por muestreo intencional teórico de dos contextos: un centro de reforma de menores y un centro privado especializado en terapia de violencia intrafamiliar. Resultados. Los progenitores mantienen tres teorías para explicar el inicio de la VFP: (a) la teoría del alumno ausente, que alude al absentismo escolar como predictor de la conducta violenta; (b) la teoría del alumno consumidor, en la que el consumo de sustancias (alcohol, cannabis y cocaína) sería el factor antecedente; y (c) la teoría de la acumulación de la tensión, en la que se plantea la presencia de unos factores previos que contribuirían a incrementar el malestar (¿rabia¿) que antecedería el consumo abusivo de drogas y, posteriormente, la violencia hacia los padres. Conclusión. Los progenitores señalan que la VFP coincide con el comienzo de la etapa de educación secundaria. Un aspecto común a las tres teorías emergentes es que son factores distales y relacionados con el entorno que rodea a los adolescentes los principales desencadenantes de la VFP, quedando al margen variables relacionadas con la dinámica familiar.Escopo. Conhecer as teorias implícitas que utilizam os pais vitimas da violência de seus filhos para explicar seu início. Metodologia. Foi feito um estudo qualitativo exploratório seguindo a metodologia proposta pela Teoria Fundamentada. A informação foi obtida a partir de seis grupos de discussão guiados por entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas mediante ATLAS.ti 5.0. Em total, participaram 42 pais vitimas de violência filio-parental (VPF; 18 homens e 24 mulheres) selecionadas por amostragem intencional teórica de dois contextos: um centro de reforma de menores e um centro privado especializado em terapia de violência intrafamiliar. Resultados. Os pais mantêm três teorias para explicar o inicio da VFP: (a) a teoria do estudante ausente, que alude ao absentismo escolar como preditor da conduta violenta; (b) a teoria do estudante consumidor, na que o consumo de sustâncias (álcool, cannabis c cocaína) é o fator antecedente; e (c) a teoria da acumulação da tensão, na que se propõe a presença de uns fatores prévios que contribuem ao incremento do desconforto (¿raiva¿) que supostamente antecede o consumo abusivo de drogas e, posteriormente, à violência contra os pais. Conclusão. Os pais assinalam que a VFP coincide com o começo da etapa da educação secundaria. Um aspeto comum às três teorias emergentes é que são fatores distais e relacionados com o entorno que rodea aos adolescentes os principais desencadeantes da VPF, deixando de fora variáveis relacionadas com a dinâmica familiar.Objective. To explore the implicit theories that parents victims of violence from their children (VFP) to explain the onset. Method. An exploratory qualitative study was done following the method proposed by the Grounded Theory. Information was obtained from six Focus Groups guided by semi-structured interviews and analyzed using ATLAS.ti 5.0. A total of 42 parents, victims of violence-towards-parents (VTP; 18 fathers and 24 mothers) participated and were selected by theoretical intentional sampling purposive sampling from two contexts: one juvenile reform center and a private family therapy center. Results. Parents have three theories to explain the onset of VFP: (a) the theory of the absent student, referred to truancy as a predictor of violent behavior; (b) addict student theory, in which substance abuse (alcohol, cannabis and cocaine) works as the antecedent factor; and (c) the theory of the accumulation of stress, in which the presence of previous factors contribute to increased discomfort (¿rage¿) that would precede the drug abuse and later violence toward parents. Conclusion. Parents report that the VFP begins in the first stage of secondary education. A common aspect of the three emerging theories is that VFP is triggered by some distal factors related to the environment surrounding adolescent, leaving aside variables related to family dynamics.Departamento de Educación y Psicología SocialDepartamento de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de CaliVersión del edito

Intermediate Molecular Phenotypes to Identify Genetic Markers of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity Risk.

Cardiotoxicity due to anthracyclines (CDA) affects cancer patients, but we cannot predict who may suffer from this complication. CDA is a complex trait with a polygenic component that is mainly unidentified. We propose that levels of intermediate molecular phenotypes (IMPs) in the myocardium associated with histopathological damage could explain CDA susceptibility, so variants of genes encoding these IMPs could identify patients susceptible to this complication. Thus, a genetically heterogeneous cohort of mice (n = 165) generated by backcrossing were treated with doxorubicin and docetaxel. We quantified heart fibrosis using an Ariol slide scanner and intramyocardial levels of IMPs using multiplex bead arrays and QPCR. We identified quantitative trait loci linked to IMPs (ipQTLs) and cdaQTLs via linkage analysis. In three cancer patient cohorts, CDA was quantified using echocardiography or Cardiac Magnetic Resonance. CDA behaves as a complex trait in the mouse cohort. IMP levels in the myocardium were associated with CDA. ipQTLs integrated into genetic models with cdaQTLs account for more CDA phenotypic variation than that explained by cda-QTLs alone. Allelic forms of genes encoding IMPs associated with CDA in mice, including AKT1, MAPK14, MAPK8, STAT3, CAS3, and TP53, are genetic determinants of CDA in patients. Two genetic risk scores for pediatric patients (n = 71) and women with breast cancer (n = 420) were generated using machine-learning Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression. Thus, IMPs associated with heart damage identify genetic markers of CDA risk, thereby allowing more personalized patient management.J.P.L.’s lab is sponsored by Grant PID2020-118527RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011039; Grant PDC2021-121735-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011039 and by the “European Union Next Generation EU/PRTR”, the Regional Government of Castile and León (CSI144P20). J.P.L. and P.L.S. are supported by the Carlos III Health Institute (PIE14/00066). AGN laboratory and human patients’ studies are supported by an ISCIII project grant (PI18/01242). The Human Genotyping unit is a member of CeGen, PRB3, and is supported by grant PT17/0019 of the PE I + D + i 2013–2016, funded by ISCIII and ERDF. SCLl is supported by MINECO/FEDER research grants (RTI2018-094130-B-100). CH was supported by the Department of Defense (DoD) BCRP, No. BC190820; and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), No. R01CA184476. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is a multi-program national laboratory operated by the University of California for the DOE under contract DE AC02-05CH11231. The Proteomics Unit belongs to ProteoRed, PRB3-ISCIII, supported by grant PT17/0019/0023 of the PE I + D +i, 2017–2020, funded by ISCIII and FEDER. RCC is funded by fellowships from the Spanish Regional Government of Castile and León. NGS is a recipient of an FPU fellowship (MINECO/FEDER). hiPSC-CM studies were funded in part by the “la Caixa” Banking Foundation under the project code HR18-00304 and a Severo Ochoa CNIC Intramural Project (Exp. 12-2016 IGP) to J.J.S

Compromising between European and US allergen immunotherapy schools: Discussions from GUIMIT, the Mexican immunotherapy guidelines

Background: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has a longstanding history and still remains the only disease-changing treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Over the years 2 different schools have developed their strategies: the United States (US) and the European. Allergen extracts available in these regions are adapted to local practice. In other parts of the world, extracts from both regions and local ones are commercialized, as in Mexico. Here, local experts developed a national AIT guideline (GUIMIT 2019) searching for compromises between both schools. Methods: Using ADAPTE methodology for transculturizing guidelines and AGREE-II for evaluating guideline quality, GUIMIT selected 3 high-quality Main Reference Guidelines (MRGs): the European Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (EAACI) guideines, the S2k guideline of various German-speaking medical societies (2014), and the US Practice Parameters on Allergen Immunotherapy 2011. We formulated clinical questions and based responses on the fused evidence available in the MRGs, combined with local possibilities, patient's preference, and costs. We came across several issues on which the MRGs disagreed. These are presented here along with arguments of GUIMIT members to resolve them. GUIMIT (for a complete English version, see Supplementary data) concluded the following: Results: Related to the diagnosis of IgE-mediated respiratory allergy, apart from skin prick testing complementary tests (challenges, in vitro testing and molecular such as species-specific allergens) might be useful in selected cases to inform AIT composition. AIT is indicated in allergic rhinitis and suggested in allergic asthma (once controlled) and IgE-mediated atopic dermatitis. Concerning the correct subcutaneous AIT dose for compounding vials according to the US school: dosing tables and formula are given; up to 4 non-related allergens can be mixed, refraining from mixing high with low protease extracts. When using European extracts: the manufacturer's indications should be followed; in multi-allergic patients 2 simultaneous injections can be given (100% consensus); mixing is discouraged. In Mexico only allergoid tablets are available; based on doses used in all sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) publications referenced in MRGs, GUIMIT suggests a probable effective dose related to subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) might be: 50–200% of the monthly SCIT dose given daily, maximum mixing 4 allergens. Also, a table with practical suggestions on non-evidence-existing issues, developed with a simplified Delphi method, is added. Finally, dissemination and implementation of guidelines is briefly discussed, explaining how we used online tools for this in Mexico. Conclusions: Countries where European and American AIT extracts are available should adjust AIT according to which school is followed