Käsitteiden ”Web3”:n ja ”Web 3.0”:n määrittely ja niiden alle luokiteltujen teknologioiden soveltaminen

Tiivistelmä. Tässä tutkielmassa tutkittiin miten käsitteitä Web 3.0 ja Web3 käytettiin tieteellisissä tutkimuksissa, mitä niillä tarkoitetaan ja millaisia teknologioita niihin sisältyy. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin näiden teknologioiden potentiaalisia uhkia ja ongelmia. Tutkielma toteutettiin kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Tutkielman lähteiden perusteella selvisi, että Web 3.0 mielletään yhteneväisesti Web 2.0:n seuraajaksi, joka on puolestaan Web 1.0:n edeltäjä. Web 1.0 on käsitteenä määritelty määrittämään verkon alkuvaiheita, jolloin tieto liikkui pääasiassa yhteen suuntaan. Kun tiedon kuluttajat ottivat roolin myös sisällön tuottajina, alettiin tätä ajanjaksoa kutsua Web 2.0:ksi. Nyt nousseita uusia teknologioita halutaan luokitella uuden termin alle, joten termit Web 3.0 ja Web3 syntyivät. Ne toimivat usein synonyymeinä ja toisinaan myös eri teknologioita tarkoittavina termeinä. Yleisimmin Web 3.0:n alle luokitellaan lohkoketjuteknologiat ja hajautettu verkko. Web3 puolestaan liitetään yleisimmin semanttisten verkkojen yhteyteen. Näille teknologioille yhteistä on Web 2.0:n alle luokitelluista teknologioista eroavaisuus siinä, että tiedon omistajuusmalli muuttuisi hajautetuksi ja vapaammaksi. Uudet teknologiat tuovat mukanaan myös uusia käytännönsovellutuksia. Lohkoketjuteknologiat mahdollistavat uusia tapoja valmistaa sovelluksia, tallettaa tietoa, luoda maksuvälineitä, solmia terveysvakuutussopimuksia, suojella immateriaalioikeuksia, luoda uusia tapoja äänestää ja luoda peleihin uusia koukuttavia ominaisuuksia. Uudet ominaisuudet ja teknologiat tuovat kuitenkin mukanaan myös ongelmia ja uhkia. Semanttisen verkon ominaisuudet eivät toimi hyvin yhteen verkon nykyisen rakenteen kanssa ja lohkoketjuteknologian väärinkäytön mahdollisuus on korkea puutteellisten lainsäädännön ja standardien myötä. Nämä teknologiat ovat myös tuoneet mukanaan ympäristöongelmia valtavan resurssien kulutuksen ja elektroniikkajätteen myötä. Tutkielman tuloksena on katsaus verkon historiaan, siihen miten näitä käsitteitä käytetään ja millaisia teknologioita niihin liitetään. Tutkielma toimii nopeana tapana tutustua Web 3.0 ja Web 3 käsitteisiin ja niiden merkitykseen tieteellisessä kontekstissa

Synthesis of novel (1-alkanoyloxy-4- alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives

Abstract A novel strategy for the synthesis of (1-alkanoyloxy-4-alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives (1a-d) via (1-hydroxy-4-alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives (2a-d), starting from alendronate has been developed with reasonable 51-77% overall yields. Intermediate products, (1-hydroxy-4-alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives (2a-d), were prepared in water with reasonable to high yields (52-94%)

Bisphosphonate treatment in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and osteonecrosis - radiological and clinical findings in a national cohort

Background: Osteonecrosis (ON) is a recognized complication of childhood ALL, but its optimal management remains unestablished. This study evaluated the effect of bisphosphonate (BP) treatment on the evolution of ON lesions in childhood ALL. Material and Methods: We included a national cohort of ALL patients diagnosed with symptomatic ON before 18 years of age and treated with BPs (N = 10; five males). Patients were followed both clinically and with serial MRIs. ON lesions were graded according to the Niinimaki classification. Results: The 10 patients had a total of 55 ON lesions. The median age was 13.3 years at ALL diagnosis and 14.8 years at ON diagnosis. Four patients had received HSCT before the ON diagnosis. BPs used were pamidronate (N = 7), alendronate (N = 2) and ibandronate (N = 1). The duration of BP treatment varied between 4 months and 4 years. In 4/10 patients, BP treatment was given during the chemotherapy. BPs were well-tolerated, with no severe complications or changes in kidney function. At the end of follow up 13/55 (24%) ON lesions were completely healed both clinically and radiographically; all these lesions were originally graded 3 or less. In contrast, ON lesions originally classified as grade 5 (joint destruction; N = 4) remained at grade 5. All grade 5 hip joint lesions needed surgical treatment. During BP treatment, the pain was relieved in 7/10 patients. At the end of follow-up, none of the patients reported severe or frequent pain. Conclusion: BP treatment was safe and seemed effective in relieving ON-induced pain in childhood ALL. After articular collapse (grade 5) lesions did not improve with BP treatment. Randomized controlled studies are needed to further elucidate the role of BPs in childhood ALL-associated ON.Peer reviewe

The effects of drainage and restoration of pine mires on habitat structure, vegetation and ants

Habitat loss and degradation are the main threats to biodiversity worldwide. For example, nearly 80% of peatlands in southern Finland have been drained. There is thus a need to safeguard the remaining pristine mires and to restore degraded ones. Ants play a pivotal role in many ecosystems and like many keystone plant species, shape ecosystem conditions for other biota. The effects of mire restoration and subsequent vegetation succession on ants, however, are poorly understood. We inventoried tree stands, vegetation, water-table level, and ants (with pitfall traps) in nine mires in southern Finland to explore differences in habitats, vegetation and ant assemblages among pristine, drained (30-40 years ago) and recently restored (1-3 years ago) pine mires. We expected that restoring the water-table level by ditch filling and reconstructing sparse tree stands by cuttings will recover mire vegetation and ants. We found predictable responses in habitat structure, floristic composition and ant assemblage structure both to drainage and restoration. However, for mire-specialist ants the results were variable and longer-term monitoring is needed to confirm the success of restoration since these social insects establish perennial colonies with long colony cycles. We conclude that restoring the water-table level and tree stand structure seem to recover the characteristic vegetation and ant assemblages in the short term. This recovery was likely enhanced because drained mires still had both acrotelm and catotelm, and connectedness was still reasonable for mire organisms to recolonize the restored mires either from local refugia or from populations of nearby mires.Peer reviewe

Microwave Package Design for Superconducting Quantum Processors

Solid-state qubits with transition frequencies in the microwave regime, such as superconducting qubits, are at the forefront of quantum information processing. However, high-fidelity, simultaneous control of superconducting qubits at even a moderate scale remains a challenge, partly due to the complexities of packaging these devices. Here, we present an approach to microwave package design focusing on material choices, signal line engineering, and spurious mode suppression. We describe design guidelines validated using simulations and measurements used to develop a 24-port microwave package. Analyzing the qubit environment reveals no spurious modes up to 11GHz. The material and geometric design choices enable the package to support qubits with lifetimes exceeding 350 {\mu}s. The microwave package design guidelines presented here address many issues relevant for near-term quantum processors.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure

Intermediate distance correlators in hot Yang-Mills theory

Lattice measurements of spatial correlation functions of the operators FF and FF-dual in thermal SU(3) gauge theory have revealed a clear difference between the two channels at "intermediate" distances, x ~ 1/(pi T). This is at odds with the AdS/CFT limit which predicts the results to coincide. On the other hand, an OPE analysis at short distances (x << 1/(pi T)) as well as effective theory methods at long distances (x >> 1/(pi T)) suggest differences. Here we study the situation at intermediate distances by determining the time-averaged spatial correlators through a 2-loop computation. We do find unequal results, however the numerical disparity is small. Apart from theoretical issues, a future comparison of our results with time-averaged lattice measurements might also be of phenomenological interest in that understanding the convergence of the weak-coupling series at intermediate distances may bear on studies of the thermal broadening of heavy quarkonium resonances.Comment: 31 page

Impact of ionizing radiation on superconducting qubit coherence

The practical viability of any qubit technology stands on long coherence times and high-fidelity operations, with the superconducting qubit modality being a leading example. However, superconducting qubit coherence is impacted by broken Cooper pairs, referred to as quasiparticles, with a density that is empirically observed to be orders of magnitude greater than the value predicted for thermal equilibrium by the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity. Previous work has shown that infrared photons significantly increase the quasiparticle density, yet even in the best isolated systems, it still remains higher than expected, suggesting that another generation mechanism exists. In this Letter, we provide evidence that ionizing radiation from environmental radioactive materials and cosmic rays contributes to this observed difference, leading to an elevated quasiparticle density that would ultimately limit superconducting qubits of the type measured here to coherence times in the millisecond regime. We further demonstrate that introducing radiation shielding reduces the flux of ionizing radiation and positively correlates with increased coherence time. Albeit a small effect for today's qubits, reducing or otherwise mitigating the impact of ionizing radiation will be critical for realizing fault-tolerant superconducting quantum computers.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figure