Leadership as a process: the interplay between leaders, followers and context

Leadership is a process occurring within a broad social system with followers in an organizational setting. However, leadership research has failed to deeply explore how leaders, followers and contexts combine to produce organizational outcomes. Aiming to contribute to the study of these overlooked questions, we developed four studies. The first study predicted that job autonomy buffers the relationship between abusive supervision, psychosomatic symptoms and deviance. The second study suggests that task characteristics moderate the association between abusive supervision, distributive justice and job satisfaction. The third study proposes that proactive personality acts as a leadership substitute in the relationship between ethical leadership, emotions and OCBs. Our fourth study showed that followership schema and top management openness determine the LMX quality, with consequences for employee behaviors. Our findings suggest that follower characteristics, organizational practices and contextual variables constitute important boundary conditions for the impact of leader behaviors on employee outcomes

Relação entre estratégias de Coping e abordagens á aprendizagem em estudantes de ensino superior

O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar e analisar as estratégias de coping e abordagens à aprendizagem mais utilizadas pelos estudantes de 1º e de 3º ano da Universidade de Évora, que frequentam cursos inseridos na Escola de Ciências Sociais e Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia. Para além disso, procuramos ainda verificar a existência de relação entre estratégias de coping e abordagens à aprendizagem A amostra é constituída por 405 estudantes da Universidade de Évora, 217 estudantes do 1º ano e 188 do 3º ano, 175 do género masculino e 200 do género feminino. Os instrumentos de medida utilizados para a realização deste estudo consistiram em: 1 - Questionário de Modos de Lidar com os Acontecimentos (QMLA); 2 - Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students – short version. Os dados foram introduzidos, tratados e analisados com recurso ao programa estatístico PASW (Predictive Analytics SoftWare) Statistics 18. Com base nos resultados obtidos, verificamos que estratégias mais utilizadas, de um modo geral, são Procura de Suporte Social e Assumir a Responsabilidade e as menos utilizadas são o Distanciamento e a Fuga-Evitamento. No que se refere às abordagens à aprendizagem, a abordagem mais utilizada, em termos gerais, é a Abordagem Profunda, seguindo-se a Abordagem Estratégica e, finalmente, a Abordagem Superficial. Por último, propomos que as estratégias de coping preferencialmente utilizadas pelos estudantes podem influenciar as abordagens à aprendizagem dos estudantes; ABSTRACT:The aim of the current study is to identify and analyze the coping strategies, as well as learning approaches more often used by the 1st and 3rd grades of University of Évora, attending courses that belong to Social Sciences School or to Sciences and Technology School. We also have tried to analyze the existence of any relation between coping strategies and learning approaches. The sample involved 405 students of University of Évora, 217 from the 1st grade and 188 students from the 3rd grade, 175 males and 200 females. The measuring instruments used in the study were: 1 – Ways of Coping Questionnaire; 2 - Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students – short version. The data analysis process was based on the use of statistical program PASW (Predictive Analytics SoftWare) Statistics 18. By analyzing the results obtained in this study, we discovered that, the coping strategies generally more used by students are Social Support Seeking and Accepting Responsibility. The less frequently used strategies are Distancing and Escape-Avoidance. Regarding learning approaches, the more used learning approach is deep approach, after strategic approach and, finally superficial approach. Finally, we proposed that the coping strategies preferably used by students can influence students’ learning approaches

Purposes of Performance Appraisal: A Systematic Review and Agenda for Future Research

Purpose: This study expands the knowledge on theoretical and practical performance appraisal purposes (PAPs) explanations.   Theoretical framework: Performance Appraisal (PA) has already demonstrated its peculiar characteristic of being the foundation on which decision-making on other Human Resource (HR) policies is based, such as salary increase, training, identification and separation of poor performance. Despite that, there is a general understanding that among the criteria for measuring performance appraisal effectiveness, PAPs have been little explored by academics and researchers. However, the importance of PAPS in employees' reactions is recognized.   Design/methodology/approach: Based on a systematic literature review, we synthesized 24 peer-reviewed journal papers published in the last ten years: 2012-2022.   Findings: The descriptive results suggest that there has been a decrease in interest in researching on PAPs. At some time, the thematic results suggest that PAPs have been operationalized as an independent variable.   Research, Practical & Social implications: Our findings broaden the understanding on PAPs in different cultural and organizational contexts, especially in Asia and Africa. On the other hand, this article can help to improve the perception of appraisers and appraisees on the usefulness of the appraisal system. This way, helping to reduce the prevailing perception that RH practices are not efficient and effective.   Originality/value: The line of investigation on PAPs is aligned with previous research whose prevailing domain of administrative and development purposes is still a reality in studies on the topic. However, the novelty in this study is the growing concern with the accuracy and reliability dimension of PAPs