Insatisfacción corporal en adolescentes: relaciones con la actividad física e índice de masa corporal

Introducción Un alto porcentaje de adolescentes se muestran insatisfechos con su cuerpo. La preocupación o insatisfacción corporal es un indicador importante para diagnosticar posibles trastornos de la conducta alimentaria como la anorexia y la bulimia. Objetivos Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las relaciones entre: 1) insatisfacción corporal y actividad física; 2) insatisfacción corporal y composición corporal (IMC). Metodología Se utilizó una muestra de 110 alumnos y alumnas de 1º de ESO y 1º de Bachillerato de la localidad de madrileña de Alcobendas. Para valorar la insatisfacción corporal se utilizó el cuestionario Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-14), se medió la talla y el peso para obtener el IMC, y el cuestionario Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Childrens & Adolescents (PAQ-C/A) para valorar la práctica de actividad física. Resultados Se encuentran relaciones entre la insatisfacción corporal y la práctica de actividad física (r= -0,35; p< 0,001), y entre la insatisfacción corporal y el IMC (r= 0,32; p<0,001). No se encuentran diferencias por sexo y sí por edad en las medidas de actividad física (p<0,05), insatisfacción corporal (p<0,001) e IMC (p<0,001) Conclusiones 1) Existen asociaciones moderadas entre actividad física e insatisfacción corporal, y entre composición corporal e insatisfacción corporal, siendo el grupo de chicas en el que se observan mayores asociaciones. 2) Los primeros años de adolescencia son un periodo importante para iniciar cualquier acción preventiva o terapéutica ante los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria

The role of fatness on physical fitness in adolescents with and without Down syndrome. The UP&DOWN Study

Background/Objectives: Adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit higher levels of fatness and low levels of physical fitness compared with those without DS. In adolescents without DS, fatness is tightly associated with physical fitness, but this association is unclear in adolescents with DS. The aim of this study was to examine the association between several markers of fatness and physical fitness in a relative large sample of adolescents with and without DS. Subjects/ Methods: For this study, a total of 111 adolescents with DS (41 females) aged 11 to 20 years old participated in this cross-sectional study. We also included a sex-matched control group (ratio 1:2) of 222 adolescents without DS aged 12 to 18 years old, participating in the UP&DOWN Study. The ALPHA health-related fitness test battery for adolescents was used to assess fatness and physical fitness. Results: Our results show that fatness is not associated with low levels of physical fitness in adolescents with DS (i.e. 3 of the 16 analyses identified differences in physical fitness variables by groups of fatness). In contrast, fatness, as expected, is associated with levels of physical fitness in adolescents without DS (i.e. 13 of the 16 analyses identified differences in physical fitness variables by groups of fatness). Conclusions: The present finding contributes to new knowledge by suggesting that the role of fatness on physical fitness is different in adolescents with and without DS, and consequently, the poor levels of physical fitness in adolescents with DS may be due to its syndrome rather than the high prevalence of obesity from this population

Do students with immigrant and native parents perceive themselves as equally engaged in school during adolescence?

Student engagement in school needs to be considered when comparing immigrant and native students, particularly at a timeof increasing migratory movements throughout the world. Diferences in cognitive, afective, behavioral, and agentic studentengagement dimensions were examined for students with immigrant and native parents, and for early and middle adolescence.A four-dimensional measure of student engagement was completed by 643 students (52.7% women). Results indicated that:students with native parents present higher cognitive and agentic engagement than students with immigrant parents; earlyadolescents are more cognitively engaged than middle adolescents; early adolescents with native parents present highercognitive engagement than early adolescents with immigrant parents and middle adolescents. These results contribute toknowledge advancement, enhancing the understanding of student engagement with immigrant and native parents duringearly and middle adolescence, which might stimulate additional research moving towards a more inclusive school. Basedon the fndings and conclusions from this study, possibilities for future research and political-educational recommendationsare presented.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Changes in and the mediating role of physical activity in relation to active school transport, fitness and adiposity among Spanish youth: the UP&DOWN longitudinal study

Background Longitudinal changes in child and adolescent active school transport (AST), and the mediating role of different intensities of daily physical activity (PA) levels in relation to AST and physical fitness and adiposity indicators is unclear. This study aimed to: 1) describe longitudinal changes in AST, light PA (LPA), moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA), physical fitness and adiposity indicators over three time-points; and 2) investigate the mediating role of LPA and MVPA levels on associations between AST and physical fitness and adiposity indicators over three time-points among children and adolescents. Methods This longitudinal study comprised 1646 Spanish children and adolescents (48.8% girls, mean age 12.5 years +/- 2.5) at baseline, recruited from schools in Cadiz and Madrid. Mode of commuting to school was self-reported at baseline (T0, 2011-12), 1-year (T1) and 2-year follow-up (T2). PA was assessed using accelerometers. Handgrip strength, standing long jump and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) assessed physical fitness. Height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness were measured. Multilevel linear regression analyses assessed changes in AST, PA levels, physical fitness and adiposity indicators over three time-points (T0-T1-T2). Additionally, longitudinal path analysis (n = 453; mean age [years] 12.6 +/- 2.4) was used to test the mediating effects of LPA and MVPA levels on the association between AST and physical fitness and adiposity indicators. Results Multilevel analyses observed decreases in LPA between T0-T1 (beta = - 11.27; p < 0.001) and T0-T2 (beta = - 16.27; p < 0.001) and decreases in MVPA between T0-T2 (beta = - 4.51; p = 0.011). Moreover, changes over time showed increases in handgrip between T0-T1 (beta = 0.78; p = 0.028) and T0-T2 (beta = 0.81; p = 0.046). Path analyses showed that AST was directly positively associated with MVPA at T1 (all, beta approximate to 0.33; p < 0.001). MVPA at T1 mediated associations between AST and CRF at T2 (beta = 0.20; p = 0.040), but not the other outcomes. LPA did not mediate any associations. Conclusions Results from longitudinal path analysis suggest that participation in more AST may help attenuate declines in MVPA that typically occur with age and improve CRF. Therefore, we encourage health authorities to promote AST, as a way to increase MVPA levels and CRF among youth

Evaluation of Two Moringa oleifera Lam Varieties Using Different Substrates in Nursery Conditions

A nursery study was made on brown soil with typical carbonate to evaluate agroproductive behavior of Plain and Supergenious Moringa oleifera Lam varieties, using different substrates. Three substrates were studied (worm castings, decomposed cattle manure and compost), using a randomized block experimental design, with 8 treatments and three replicas. The evaluation included the amount of leaves 30 days after germination, plant height until transplantation every ten days and at 30 days, stem diameter, and root length and diameter. The best results were achieved with soil + wormcast in the two varieties.

Parenting Styles, Internalization of Values and Self-Esteem: A Cross-Cultural Study in Spain, Portugal and Brazil

The present study analyzes the impact of parenting styles on adolescents’ self-esteem and internalization of social values in three countries, Spain, Portugal and Brazil. The sample of the study was comprised of 2091 adolescents from Spain (n = 793), Portugal (n = 675), and Brazil (n = 623) from 12–18 years old (52.1% females). The four types of parenting styles, authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian and neglectful, were measured through the warmth and strictness dimensions of the Scale of Parental Socialization ESPA29. The two criteria variables were captured with the five dimensions of the AF5, Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire, and with self-transcendence and conservation Schwartz values. Results confirm emergent research in parenting socialization: the use of parental warmth is evidenced as key for adolescent self-esteem and internalization of social values in the three countries analyzed. Indulgent and authoritative parenting (both characterized by parental warmth) are associated with the highest value internalization in the three countries. Furthermore, indulgent parenting (use of warmth) is associated with the highest adolescent self-esteem, overcoming authoritative parenting (use of warmth and strictness). The influence of parenting over adolescent self-esteem and values internalization is maintained independent of the differences in self-esteem and value priorities observed in the cultural context, the sex and age of the participants.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Prospective Associations of Physical Activity and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Adolescents with Down Syndrome: The UP&DOWN Longitudinal Study

(1) Background: Numerous studies have focused on examining the association between PA levels and health-related physical fitness components in children or adolescents without disabilities. However, research on the association between PA and health-related physical fitness in adolescents with DS (Down syndrome) is limited, and most of the previous studies have been developed with a cross-sectional perspective. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the prospective association of accelerometer-based PA at baseline with health-related physical fitness at a 2-year follow-up in a relatively large sample of adolescents with DS from the UP&DOWN study. (2) Methods: A total of 92 adolescents with DS (58 males) between 11 and 20 years old with full data were eligible from an initial sample of 110 participants. Fitness was assessed by the ALPHA health-related fitness test battery for youth, and physical activity was assessed by Actigraph accelerometers. (3) Results: The high tertile of total PA was related to decreased motor (Beta [95% CI] = -1.46 [-2.88; -0.05]) and cardiorespiratory fitness (Beta [95% CI] = -2.22 [-4.42; 0.02]) in adolescents with DS. (4) Conclusions: In adolescents with DS, (i) PA level was not prospectively associated with muscular fitness and (ii) high levels of total PA at the baseline were inversely associated with motor and cardiorespiratory fitness at the 2-year follow-up. For comparative purposes, these relationships were also examined in a subsample of adolescents without DS

National survey of fitness trends in Spain for 2021

Since 2017 the National Surveys of Fitness Trends in Spain are yearly carried out, reproducing the methodology of the worldwide surveys endorsed by the American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM). The objective of the current study is to show the findings of the fifth Spanish survey of fitness trends and identified the main trends in Spanish fitness sector for year 2021, as well as to compare its results with those got in the national and international surveys for 2020. Because of the current edition of the survey was carried out in an exceptional health situation by COVID-19, it was tried to identify its possible influence in its results. The survey was sent to 6230 professionals of the fitness sector and a total of 503 responses were collected (response rate 8.1 %). The more relevant trends for 2021year were: «exercise and weight loss», «employing certificate fitness professional», «personal training», «personal training in small groups» and «functional training». The top-20 trends in Spain for year 2021were very similar to those for year 2020 (17 coinciding trends), however with some remarkable changes in their positions, that could be explained by the COVID-19 effect. Differences are greater when trends are compared with worldwide survey (just 12 coinciding trends) with relevant differences in their positions. These findings confirm those ones found in previous editions showing rather stability in the trends in Spanish fitness sector and a progressive divergency with worldwide trends.Desde 2017 se realizan anualmente las Encuestas Nacionales de Tendencias de Fitness en España, reproduciendo la metodología de las encuestas internacionales promovidas por el Colegio Americano de Medicina del Deporte (ACSM). El objetivo del presente estudio es presentar los resultados de la quinta encuesta española e identificar las principales tendencias en el sector del fitness español para el año 2021, así como comparar sus resultados con los obtenidos en las encuestas nacional e internacional para el año 2020. Dado que la presente edición se realiza en una situación sanitaria excepcional debido a la COVID-19, se trató de identificar su posible influencia en los resultados. La encuesta fue enviada a 6230 profesionales del sector del fitness recogiéndose un total de 503 respuestas (tasa de respuesta de 8.1%). Las tendencias más relevantes para 2021 fueron: «ejercicio y pérdida de peso», «contratación de profesionales certificados», «entrenamiento personal», «entrenamiento personal en pequeños grupos» y «entrenamiento funcional». Las tendencias en el top-20 en España para el año 2021 resultaron muy similares a las obtenidas para el año 2020 (17 coincidencias), si bien con algunos cambios reseñables en cuanto a su posición que podrían ser explicables por los efectos de la COVID-19. Las diferencias son mayores cuando se comparan con la encuesta internacional (solo 12 coincidencias) con relevantes diferencias en las posiciones ocupadas. Estos hallazgos confirman los encontrados en ediciones anteriores, mostrando bastante estabilidad de las tendencias en el sector del fitness español y una progresiva divergencia con las tendencias internacionale

Influence of volume and bouts of sedentary time and physical activity on school-aged youth’s physical fitness: The UP&DOWN longitudinal study

Background: The aim of this study was to examine associations of total volume and bouts of sedentary time (ST) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with physical fitness (PF) in youth. Methods: This was a 2-year follow-up study with 1418 children and adolescents (51.7% boys). Accelerometers were used to assess ST and MVPA. Cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness values were objectively measured and combined in a global PF variable. Weight status was objectively obtained. Linear regression analyses were used to examine the cross-sectional (using scores at baseline) and longitudinal associations (using the change in the variables) of total volume and bouts of ST and MVPA with PF. Results: Total ST was negatively associated with global PF (β = −0.488, P < .001 in cross-sectional analysis; β = −0.234, P = .003 in longitudinal analysis). However, this association was not independent of MVPA. Total volume of MVPA showed a positive association with global PF independently of ST and weight status (β = 0.285, P < .001 in cross-sectional analysis; β = 0.119, P = .001 in longitudinal analysis). Longitudinal associations found between ST and MVPA accumulated in bouts of various lengths and global PF became nonsignificant when their respective total volumes are included in the model. Conclusions: These results underline the need to accumulate minutes of MVPA, regardless of the bout duration, to increase PF levels in yout

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and academic performance in youth: the UP&DOWN study

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 1371 youth aged 12.04 ± 2.50 years (685 girls) in Spain during 2011-2012. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed using the KIDMED index (Mediterranean Diet Quality Index in children and adolescents), which includes 16 questions on specific dietary patterns. Levels of adherence were classified into three groups: poor adherence (0-3), average adherence (4-7), and good adherence (8-12). Academic performance was assessed through school records using four indicators: math, language, an average of math and language, and grade point average score. Results: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was related to academic performance (β ranging from 0.107 to 0.148; all P < 0.001) after adjusting for confounders. The group of good adherence to the Mediterranean diet had significantly higher scores in all of the academic indicators compared with the poor group (ranging from +0.429 to 0.464; all P ≤ 0.001); as well as the group of average adherence to the Mediterranean diet had significantly higher scores in all of the academic indicators compared with the poor group (ranging from +0.292 to 0.344; all P ≤ 0.06). There were no differences between the groups of good and average adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Conclusions: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet may have a beneficial influence on academic performance in youth. Importantly, the benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on academic performance may be stronger as youth adhered to the optimal Mediterranean diet levels