Vulnerabilität der Küste der Insel Krk

U ovom radu analizirana je ranjivost obala otoka Krka. Određivanje indeksa ranjivosti obale (CVI) izvršeno je za segmente obale duljine 25 m, a na temelju pet odabranih parametara (varijabli): geološke građe, obalnog nagiba, značajne visine valova, izloženosti plavljenju te postojanja i utjecaja žala. Prikazani rezultati analiza ranjivosti obala pokazali su složenost istraživanog područja, sa značajnim varijacijama indeksa ranjivosti duž obale otoka. Ispitani su i scenariji plavljenja za prognozirani porast morske razine za 60 cm do kraja stoljeća, odnosno 120 cm kod ekstremnih plima. Potvrđena je visoka ranjivost obalnih naselja na otoku Krku, prvenstveno zbog izloženosti plavljenju. Pokazalo se da je potrebno stvoriti baze podataka na temelju dovoljno točnih podataka o reljefu kopna i podmorja, geološkoj građi i oceanografskim značajkama, kako bi se mogao odrediti stupanj ranjivosti te mjere umanjenja hazarda i rizika.The paper provides analyses of the Krk Island coast vulnerability. The determination of the coastal vulnerability index (CVI) was carried out for costal segments of 25 m in length and based on 5 selected parameters (variables): geological composition, fabric coastal slope, significant wave heights, exposure to flooding, and the existence and impact of shores. The presented results of the costal vulnerability analyses revealed the complexity of the researched area, with significant variations of the vulnerability index along the island’s coast. Flooding scenarios for the forecast increase in sea levels by 60 cm until the end of the century, i.e. 120 cm at extreme tides were also tested. High vulnerability of the costal settlements on Krk Island was confirmed, primarily due to flooding exposure. It is necessary to create databases with sufficient accurate data on land and seafloor relief, geological composition fabric and oceanographic characteristics to determine the degree of vulnerability and hazard and risk mitigation measures.n diesem Beitrag wird die Vulnerabilität der Küste der Insel Krk analysiert. Der Vulnerabilitätsindex (engl. coastal vulnerability index; CVI) wurde für die Küstensegmente in Länge von 25 m bestimmt und zwar aufgrund der fünf Variablen: geologischer Aufbau, Küstengefälle, signifikante Wellenhöhe, Anfälligkeit gegenüber Überschwemmung und Existenz und Auswirkung des Strandes. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse der Analyse der Küstenvulnerabilität zeigen, dass das Forschungsgebiet einschließlicherheblicher Variationen des Vulnerabilitätsindexes entlang der Inselküsten komplex ist. Die Überschwemmungsszenarien für einen Meeresspiegelanstieg von 60 cm bis Ende des Jahrhunderts bzw. 120 cm bei extrem hohen Flut wurden auch simuliert. Die sehr hohe Vulnerabilität der Küstensiedlungen auf der Insel Krk wurde bestätigt, insbesondere weil sie Überschwemmungen ausgesetzt sind. Es hat sich auch gezeigt, dass Datenbanken aufgrund richtiger Angaben über Land- und Meeresrelief, geologischen Aufbau und ozeanographische Merkmale erstellt werden sollen, um den Vulnerabilitätsgrad und die Maßnahmen bestimmen zu können undsomit Gefahr und Risiko zu reduzieren

Vulnerabilität der Küste der Insel Krk

U ovom radu analizirana je ranjivost obala otoka Krka. Određivanje indeksa ranjivosti obale (CVI) izvršeno je za segmente obale duljine 25 m, a na temelju pet odabranih parametara (varijabli): geološke građe, obalnog nagiba, značajne visine valova, izloženosti plavljenju te postojanja i utjecaja žala. Prikazani rezultati analiza ranjivosti obala pokazali su složenost istraživanog područja, sa značajnim varijacijama indeksa ranjivosti duž obale otoka. Ispitani su i scenariji plavljenja za prognozirani porast morske razine za 60 cm do kraja stoljeća, odnosno 120 cm kod ekstremnih plima. Potvrđena je visoka ranjivost obalnih naselja na otoku Krku, prvenstveno zbog izloženosti plavljenju. Pokazalo se da je potrebno stvoriti baze podataka na temelju dovoljno točnih podataka o reljefu kopna i podmorja, geološkoj građi i oceanografskim značajkama, kako bi se mogao odrediti stupanj ranjivosti te mjere umanjenja hazarda i rizika.The paper provides analyses of the Krk Island coast vulnerability. The determination of the coastal vulnerability index (CVI) was carried out for costal segments of 25 m in length and based on 5 selected parameters (variables): geological composition, fabric coastal slope, significant wave heights, exposure to flooding, and the existence and impact of shores. The presented results of the costal vulnerability analyses revealed the complexity of the researched area, with significant variations of the vulnerability index along the island’s coast. Flooding scenarios for the forecast increase in sea levels by 60 cm until the end of the century, i.e. 120 cm at extreme tides were also tested. High vulnerability of the costal settlements on Krk Island was confirmed, primarily due to flooding exposure. It is necessary to create databases with sufficient accurate data on land and seafloor relief, geological composition fabric and oceanographic characteristics to determine the degree of vulnerability and hazard and risk mitigation measures.n diesem Beitrag wird die Vulnerabilität der Küste der Insel Krk analysiert. Der Vulnerabilitätsindex (engl. coastal vulnerability index; CVI) wurde für die Küstensegmente in Länge von 25 m bestimmt und zwar aufgrund der fünf Variablen: geologischer Aufbau, Küstengefälle, signifikante Wellenhöhe, Anfälligkeit gegenüber Überschwemmung und Existenz und Auswirkung des Strandes. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse der Analyse der Küstenvulnerabilität zeigen, dass das Forschungsgebiet einschließlicherheblicher Variationen des Vulnerabilitätsindexes entlang der Inselküsten komplex ist. Die Überschwemmungsszenarien für einen Meeresspiegelanstieg von 60 cm bis Ende des Jahrhunderts bzw. 120 cm bei extrem hohen Flut wurden auch simuliert. Die sehr hohe Vulnerabilität der Küstensiedlungen auf der Insel Krk wurde bestätigt, insbesondere weil sie Überschwemmungen ausgesetzt sind. Es hat sich auch gezeigt, dass Datenbanken aufgrund richtiger Angaben über Land- und Meeresrelief, geologischen Aufbau und ozeanographische Merkmale erstellt werden sollen, um den Vulnerabilitätsgrad und die Maßnahmen bestimmen zu können undsomit Gefahr und Risiko zu reduzieren

Reaction to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via ATF6 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Deteriorates With Aging

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multisystemic neurodegenerative disorder. Given that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) serve as a “window to the central nervous system” we aimed to answer whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in ALS-PBMCs is related to disease aggressiveness. We studied ER stress in the PBMCs of 49 patients with ALS and 31 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The expression of a main ER stress marker, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), was significantly higher in ALS compared to controls, but did not correlate with age, disease severity, disease duration and disease progression rate. When ATF6 expression levels were plotted against relative D50 (rD50)-derived disease phases derived from the D50 ALS model, two distinct clusters of patients were observed: cluster 1, with progressively increasing ATF6 expression levels and cluster 2, which demonstrated stable ATF6 expression over the disease course. Individuals in the two clusters did not significantly differ in terms of ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R), disease aggressiveness, disease duration and subtype. However, patients with the increasing ATF6 level were significantly younger, indicating that aging processes might be related to ER stress in ALS. Our data suggest that the reaction to ER stress during disease course may be compromised in older patients with ALS

Characterization of amylolytic activity of bacterium Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM 20531T by determining concentration of simpler carbohydrates using high-pressure liquid chromatography

U ovom radu istraživana je mogućnost određivanja koncentracije jednostavnijih ugljikohidrata: glukoze (G1), maltoze (G2), maltotrioze (G3), maltotetraoze (G4), maltopentaoze (G5), maltoheksaoze (G6) i maltoheptaoze (G7) u supernatantima uzoraka koji su izuzeti tijekom uzgoja amilolitičke bakterije mliječne kiseline Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM 20531T u gustoj suspenziji kukuruzne krupice u laboratorijskom bioreaktoru s miješalom šaržnim postupkom. Za analizu ovih uzoraka kompleksnog sastava odabrana je ion-izmjenjivačka kromatografija visoke učinkovitosti (kolona SupelcogelTM C-610H s predkolonom SupelcogelTM H; RID-10A; V = 20 μL, θ = 30°C, F = 0,1 mL min-1) pomoću koje su određene koncentracije nekih jednostavnijih ugljikohidrata (G1 - G4) kao i ukupna koncentracija maltopentaoze, maltoheptaoze i maltoheksaoze (G5 + G6 + G7). Amilolitička aktivnost bakterije L. amylovorus DSM 20531T obuhvaća hidrolizu škroba iz kukuruzne krupice do homopolimera s višim (GN, N > 7) i nižim stupnjem polimerizacije (GN, N ≤ 7) do maltoze (G2), dok glukoza (G1) nije detektirana ni u jednom analiziranom uzorku. U odabranim uvjetima ova je amilolitička bakterija potpuno hidrolizirala i homolaktički fermentirala 36 % škroba iz kukuruzne krupice do mliječne kiseline. Preostali dio od 64 % škroba hidroliziran je do G2 - G7, od čega 41 % čini maltoza (G2). Kinetika hidrolize škroba do detektiranih jednostavnijih ugljikohidrata upućuje da amilolitička aktivnost L. amylovorus DSM 20531T obuhvaća minimalno enzim α-amilazu čija je aktivnost konstitutivna i može se inducirati.In this work the possibility for determining concentrations of simpler carbohydrates: glucose (G1), maltose (G2), maltotriose (G3), maltotetraose (G4), maltopentaose (G5), maltohexaose (G6) and maltoheptaose (G7) was investigated. These concentrations have been determined in supernatants of samples whithdrawn during batch cultivation of amylolytic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM 20531T in the dense corn grits suspension in a lab-scale stirred tank bioreactor. Ion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography (analitical column SupelcogelTM C- 610H with pre-column SupelcogelTM H; RID-10A; V = 20 μL, θ = 30°C, F = 0,1 mL min-1) was chosen for analysis of those complex samples and the concentrations of some simpler carbohydrates (G1 - G4) as well as total concentration of maltopentaose, maltohexaose and maltoheptaose (G5 + G6 + G7) were determined in them. Amylolytic activity of bacterium L. amylovorus DSM 20531T comprises hydrolysis of corn grits - starch to homopolymers with higher (GN, N > 7) and lower degree of polymerisation (GN, N ≤ 7) to maltose (G2), while glucose (G1) has not been detected in the analysed samples. Under chosed conditions this amylolytic bacterium hidrolyses completely and during homolactic fermentation converts 36 % of corn grits - starch to lactic acid. Remaining 64 % of starch have been hydrolysed to G2 - G7, and 41 % of it is maltose (G2). Kinetic of starch hydrolysis to detected simpler carbohydrates suggests that amylolytic activity of L. amylovorus DSM 20531T comprises minimaly enzyme α-amylase, activity of the enzyme is constitutive and it can be induced

ANALYSIS OF THE STOCK MARKET IN CROATIA

U ovom završnom radu objašnjeno je tržište kapitala njegove pretpostavke te na kojim tržištima se trguje i tko su njegovi sudionici. Pojašnjeni su pojmovi vezani za dionice,koje prednosti i nedostatke emisija dionica sadrži. Burze kao mjesto trgovanja vrijednosnih papira, robom i drugim financijskim instrumentima. Predstavljanje burzovnih posrednika koji posreduju kupnju i prodaju predmet burzovnog poslovanja. Navedene su najpoznatije burze svijeta iz New Yorka, Tokya i Londona. Zagrebačka burza kao glavno mjesto odvijanja prodaje i kupnje vrijednosnih papira u Republici Hrvatskoj. Provedena je analiza dionice HTa na temelju podataka sa internetske stranice Zagrebačke burze.In this thesis discussed the capital market its assumptions and on which markets are traded and who are its participants. Explanations of terms related to stocks, which advantages and disadvantages share issue contains. The stock market as a place for trading securities, commodities and other financial instruments. Presentation of the stock broker that mediate the purchase and sale subject to stock market operations. These are the most famous stock exchanges of the world, New York, Tokyo and London. Zagreb Stock Exchange as the main venue of sale and purchase of securities in the Republic of Croatia. An analysis of HT shares on the basis of data from the website of the Zagreb Stock Exchange

ANALYSIS OF THE STOCK MARKET IN CROATIA

U ovom završnom radu objašnjeno je tržište kapitala njegove pretpostavke te na kojim tržištima se trguje i tko su njegovi sudionici. Pojašnjeni su pojmovi vezani za dionice,koje prednosti i nedostatke emisija dionica sadrži. Burze kao mjesto trgovanja vrijednosnih papira, robom i drugim financijskim instrumentima. Predstavljanje burzovnih posrednika koji posreduju kupnju i prodaju predmet burzovnog poslovanja. Navedene su najpoznatije burze svijeta iz New Yorka, Tokya i Londona. Zagrebačka burza kao glavno mjesto odvijanja prodaje i kupnje vrijednosnih papira u Republici Hrvatskoj. Provedena je analiza dionice HTa na temelju podataka sa internetske stranice Zagrebačke burze.In this thesis discussed the capital market its assumptions and on which markets are traded and who are its participants. Explanations of terms related to stocks, which advantages and disadvantages share issue contains. The stock market as a place for trading securities, commodities and other financial instruments. Presentation of the stock broker that mediate the purchase and sale subject to stock market operations. These are the most famous stock exchanges of the world, New York, Tokyo and London. Zagreb Stock Exchange as the main venue of sale and purchase of securities in the Republic of Croatia. An analysis of HT shares on the basis of data from the website of the Zagreb Stock Exchange

POSTED WORKERS

Radnike koje poslodavac upućuje na obavljanje ugovorenih poslova u određenom vremenskom razdoblju u druge države nazivaju se izaslani radnici. Prilikom izaslanja u druge države svaki radnik mora biti osiguran na području zemlje u kojoj radi. Radnik bez obzira iz koje je države izaslan ostaje i dalje u sustavu socijalnog osiguranja u matičnoj državi. Cilj rada je prikazati tko su izaslani radnici, uvjete koje ostvaraju u zemlji izaslanja, kako se obračunava plaća radnika koji je izaslan na rad u Republiku Hrvatsku ili u druge države članice Europske unije, treće zemlje ili i države s kojima je RH sklopila ugovore o socijalnom osiguranju.Workers sent by the employer to perform contracted work for a certain period of time in other countries are called posted workers. When sending to other countries, each worker must be insured in the territory of the country in which he works. The worker, regardless of the country from which he was sent, remains in the social security system in the home country. The aim of this paper is to show who the posted workers are, the conditions they achieve in the sending country, how the salary of a posted worker is calculated in the Republic of Croatia or in other EU member states, third countries or countries with which the Republic of Croatia has concluded social agreements

Characterization of amylolytic activity of bacterium Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM 20531T by determining concentration of simpler carbohydrates using high-pressure liquid chromatography

U ovom radu istraživana je mogućnost određivanja koncentracije jednostavnijih ugljikohidrata: glukoze (G1), maltoze (G2), maltotrioze (G3), maltotetraoze (G4), maltopentaoze (G5), maltoheksaoze (G6) i maltoheptaoze (G7) u supernatantima uzoraka koji su izuzeti tijekom uzgoja amilolitičke bakterije mliječne kiseline Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM 20531T u gustoj suspenziji kukuruzne krupice u laboratorijskom bioreaktoru s miješalom šaržnim postupkom. Za analizu ovih uzoraka kompleksnog sastava odabrana je ion-izmjenjivačka kromatografija visoke učinkovitosti (kolona SupelcogelTM C-610H s predkolonom SupelcogelTM H; RID-10A; V = 20 μL, θ = 30°C, F = 0,1 mL min-1) pomoću koje su određene koncentracije nekih jednostavnijih ugljikohidrata (G1 - G4) kao i ukupna koncentracija maltopentaoze, maltoheptaoze i maltoheksaoze (G5 + G6 + G7). Amilolitička aktivnost bakterije L. amylovorus DSM 20531T obuhvaća hidrolizu škroba iz kukuruzne krupice do homopolimera s višim (GN, N > 7) i nižim stupnjem polimerizacije (GN, N ≤ 7) do maltoze (G2), dok glukoza (G1) nije detektirana ni u jednom analiziranom uzorku. U odabranim uvjetima ova je amilolitička bakterija potpuno hidrolizirala i homolaktički fermentirala 36 % škroba iz kukuruzne krupice do mliječne kiseline. Preostali dio od 64 % škroba hidroliziran je do G2 - G7, od čega 41 % čini maltoza (G2). Kinetika hidrolize škroba do detektiranih jednostavnijih ugljikohidrata upućuje da amilolitička aktivnost L. amylovorus DSM 20531T obuhvaća minimalno enzim α-amilazu čija je aktivnost konstitutivna i može se inducirati.In this work the possibility for determining concentrations of simpler carbohydrates: glucose (G1), maltose (G2), maltotriose (G3), maltotetraose (G4), maltopentaose (G5), maltohexaose (G6) and maltoheptaose (G7) was investigated. These concentrations have been determined in supernatants of samples whithdrawn during batch cultivation of amylolytic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM 20531T in the dense corn grits suspension in a lab-scale stirred tank bioreactor. Ion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography (analitical column SupelcogelTM C- 610H with pre-column SupelcogelTM H; RID-10A; V = 20 μL, θ = 30°C, F = 0,1 mL min-1) was chosen for analysis of those complex samples and the concentrations of some simpler carbohydrates (G1 - G4) as well as total concentration of maltopentaose, maltohexaose and maltoheptaose (G5 + G6 + G7) were determined in them. Amylolytic activity of bacterium L. amylovorus DSM 20531T comprises hydrolysis of corn grits - starch to homopolymers with higher (GN, N > 7) and lower degree of polymerisation (GN, N ≤ 7) to maltose (G2), while glucose (G1) has not been detected in the analysed samples. Under chosed conditions this amylolytic bacterium hidrolyses completely and during homolactic fermentation converts 36 % of corn grits - starch to lactic acid. Remaining 64 % of starch have been hydrolysed to G2 - G7, and 41 % of it is maltose (G2). Kinetic of starch hydrolysis to detected simpler carbohydrates suggests that amylolytic activity of L. amylovorus DSM 20531T comprises minimaly enzyme α-amylase, activity of the enzyme is constitutive and it can be induced

ANALYSIS OF THE STOCK MARKET IN CROATIA

U ovom završnom radu objašnjeno je tržište kapitala njegove pretpostavke te na kojim tržištima se trguje i tko su njegovi sudionici. Pojašnjeni su pojmovi vezani za dionice,koje prednosti i nedostatke emisija dionica sadrži. Burze kao mjesto trgovanja vrijednosnih papira, robom i drugim financijskim instrumentima. Predstavljanje burzovnih posrednika koji posreduju kupnju i prodaju predmet burzovnog poslovanja. Navedene su najpoznatije burze svijeta iz New Yorka, Tokya i Londona. Zagrebačka burza kao glavno mjesto odvijanja prodaje i kupnje vrijednosnih papira u Republici Hrvatskoj. Provedena je analiza dionice HTa na temelju podataka sa internetske stranice Zagrebačke burze.In this thesis discussed the capital market its assumptions and on which markets are traded and who are its participants. Explanations of terms related to stocks, which advantages and disadvantages share issue contains. The stock market as a place for trading securities, commodities and other financial instruments. Presentation of the stock broker that mediate the purchase and sale subject to stock market operations. These are the most famous stock exchanges of the world, New York, Tokyo and London. Zagreb Stock Exchange as the main venue of sale and purchase of securities in the Republic of Croatia. An analysis of HT shares on the basis of data from the website of the Zagreb Stock Exchange

Coastal vulnerability and flooding of settlements due to sea level rise

Razina mora nastavlja rasti sve većom brzinom. Predviđa se da će događaji praćeni ekstremnim razinama mora, a koji su bili povijesno rijetki, postati češći na mnogim mjestima do 2050. godine. U ovom je radu prikazana analiza obalne ranjivosti povezana s porastom razine mora provedena za obalu Primorsko-goranske županije računajući standardno korišten indeks obalne ranjivosti (CVI). CVI je prilagođen razvedenoj hrvatskoj obali i definiran preko pet reprezentativnih varijabli. Rezultati pokazuju kako je manji dio Županije ranjiv, ali da su posebno ugrožena niska naseljena područja. Stoga su se za četiri najranjivija naselja provele analize plavljenja povezane s porastom morske razine. Preduvjet za kvalitetne analize su i precizne geodetske podloge. U ovom su slučaju podloge bili trodimenzionalni oblaci točaka. Analize plavljenja pokazuju da se razina rizika razlikuje od lokacije do lokacije te da će provedba mjera adaptacije zahtijevati pojedinačan pristup svakom ranjivom području.The sea level continues to rise at an accelerating pace. Events associated with extreme sea levels, which were rare in the past, will become more frequent in many places by 2050. This paper presents an analysis of coastal vulnerability to sea level rise conducted for the coast of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. The commonly used Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) was adapted for the indented Croatian coast and defined by five representative variables. The results show that only a small part of the county is vulnerable, but that the low-lying, populated areas are particularly vulnerable. Therefore, coastal flooding analyses were also made for the four most threatened settlements. A prerequisite for high-quality analyses is accurate geodetic data. In this case, the topographic data were three-dimensional point clouds. The flooding analyses show that the risk varies from place to place and that the implementation of adaptation measures requires an individual approach for each area at risk