Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Pelaku Tindak Pidana Eksibisionisme

Skripsi ini berjudul “Pertanggunjawaban pidana Pelaku Tindak Pidana Eksibisionisme”. Indonesia memiliki beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan yang dapat digunakan untuk menjerat pelaku eksibisionisme walaupun istilah eksibisionisme belum ada dalam peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia serta adanya kekaburan norma pada pasal 44 KUHP yang tidak memberikan penjelasan lebih lanjut mengenai jiwanya cacat dan terganggu karena penyakit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaturan tentang pertanggungjawaban tindak pidana eksibisonisme dan pengaturan pertanggungjawaban pidana pelaku eksibisionisme di masa mendatang. Metode pelenelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian normatif yang beranjak dan adanya kekaburan norma hukum yang berkaitan dengan penelitian ini

Polycomb Group-Dependent, Heterochromatin Protein 1-Independent, Chromatin Structures Silence Retrotransposons in Somatic Tissues Outside Ovaries

Somatic cells are equipped with different silencing mechanisms that protect the genome against retrotransposons. In Drosophila melanogaster, a silencing pathway implicating the argonaute protein PIWI represses retrotransposons in cells surrounding the oocyte, whereas a PIWI-independent pathway is involved in other somatic tissues. Here, we show that these two silencing mechanisms result in distinct chromatin structures. Using sensor transgenes, we found that, in somatic tissues outside of the ovaries, these transgenes adopt a heterochromatic configuration implicating hypermethylation of H3K9 and K27. We identified the Polycomb repressive complexes (PRC1 and 2), but not heterochromatin protein 1 to be necessary factors for silencing. Once established, the compact structure is stably maintained through cell divisions. By contrast, in cells where the silencing is PIWI-dependent, the transgenes display an open and labile chromatin structure. Our data suggest that a post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) mechanism is responsible for the repression in the ovarian somatic cells, whereas a mechanism that couples PTGS to transcriptional gene silencing operates to silence retrotransposons in the other somatic tissues

De novo piRNA cluster formation in the Drosophila germ line triggered by transgenes containing a transcribed transposon fragment

PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) provide defence against transposable element (TE) expansion in the germ line of metazoans. piRNAs are processed from the transcripts encoded by specialized heterochromatic clusters enriched in damaged copies of transposons. How these regions are recognized as a source of piRNAs is still elusive. The aim of this study is to determine how transgenes that contain a fragment of the Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINE)-like I transposon lead to an acquired TE resistance in Drosophila. We show that such transgenes, being inserted in unique euchromatic regions that normally do not produce small RNAs, become de novo bidirectional piRNA clusters that silence I-element activity in the germ line. Strikingly, small RNAs of both polarities are generated from the entire transgene and flanking genomic sequences—not only from the transposon fragment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis shows that in ovaries, the trimethylated histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3) mark associates with transgenes producing piRNAs. We show that transgene-derived hsp70 piRNAs stimulate in trans cleavage of cognate endogenous transcripts with subsequent processing of the non-homologous parts of these transcripts into piRNAs

Spatio-temporal requirements for transposable element piRNA-mediated silencing during Drosophila oogenesis

International audienceDuring Drosophila oogenesis, transposable element (TE) repression involves the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway which ensures genome integrity for the next generation. We developed a transgenic model to study repression of the Idefix retrotrans-poson in the germline. Using a candidate gene KD-approach, we identified differences in the spatio-temporal requirements of the piRNA pathway components for piRNA-mediated silencing. Some of them (Aub, Vasa, Spn-E) are necessary in very early stages of oogenesis within the germarium and appear to be less important for efficient TE silencing thereafter. Others (Piwi, Ago3, Mael) are required at all stages of oogenesis. Moreover, during early oogenesis, in the dividing cysts within the germarium, Idefix anti-sense transgenes escape host control, and this is associated with very low piwi expression. Silencing of P-element-based transgenes is also strongly weakened in these cysts. This region, termed the 'Piwiless pocket' or Pilp, may ensure that new TE insertions occur and are transmitted to the next generation, thereby contributing to genome dynamics. In contrast, piRNA-mediated silencing is strong in germline stem cells in which TE mobilization is tightly repressed ensuring the continued production of viable germline cysts

Viral particles of the endogenous retrovirus ZAM from Drosophila melanogaster use a pre-existing endosome/exosome pathway for transfer to the oocyte

BACKGROUND: Retroviruses have evolved various mechanisms to optimize their transfer to new target cells via late endosomes. Here, we analyzed the transfer of ZAM, a retroelement from Drosophila melanogaster, from ovarian follicle cells to the oocyte at stage 9–10 of oogenesis, when an active yolk transfer is occurring between these two cell types. RESULTS: Combining genetic and microscopic approaches, we show that a functional secretory apparatus is required to tether ZAM to endosomal vesicles and to direct its transport to the apical side of follicle cells. There, ZAM egress requires an intact follicular epithelium communicating with the oocyte. When gap junctions are inhibited or yolk receptors mutated, ZAM particles fail to sort out the follicle cells. CONCLUSION: Overall, our results indicate that retrotransposons do not exclusively perform intracellular replication cycles but may usurp exosomal/endosomal traffic to be routed from one cell to another

Reappraisal of distal diagnostic testing in the diagnosis of ICU-acquired pneumonia.

peer reviewed[en] BACKGROUND: The thresholds of the diagnostic procedures performed to diagnose ICU-acquired pneumonia (IAP) are either speculated or incompletely tested. PURPOSE: To evaluate the best threshold of protected specimen brush (PSB), plugged telescoping catheter (PTC), BAL culture (BAL C), and direct examination of cytocentrifugated lavage fluid (BAL D) to diagnose IAP. Each mechanically ventilated patient with suspected IAP underwent bronchoscopy successively with PSB, PTC, and BAL in the lung segment identified radiographically. POPULATION: One hundred twenty-two episodes of suspected IAP (occurring in 26% of all mechanically ventilated patients) were studied. Forty-five patients had definite IAP, and 58 had no IAP. Diagnosis was uncertain in 19 cases. RESULTS: Using the classic thresholds, sensitivity was 67% for PSB, 54% for PTC, 59% for BAL D, and 77% for BAL C. Specificity was 88% for PSB, 77% for PTC, 98% for BAL D, and 77% for BAL C. We used receiver operating characteristics methods to reappraise thresholds. Decreasing the thresholds to 500 cfu/mL for PSB, 10(2) cfu/mL for PTC, 2% cells containing bacteria for BAL D, 4 x 10(3) cfu/mL for BAL C increased the sensitivities (plus 14%, 23%, 25%, 10%, respectively) and moderately decreased the specificities (minus 4%, 9%, 2%, 4%, respectively) of the four examinations. The association of PSB with a 500 cfu/mL threshold and BAL D with a 2% threshold recovered all but one episode of pneumonia (SE 96 +/- 4%) with a 84 +/- 10% specificity. For a similar ICU population, these "best" thresholds increased negative predictive value with a minimal decrease of positive predictive value. They need to be confirmed in multiple ICU settings in prospective fashion

Is protected specimen brush a reproducible method to diagnose ICU-acquired pneumonia?

peer reviewed[en] UNLABELLED: Protected specimen brush (PSB) is considered to be one of the standard methods for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia, but to our knowledge, intraindividual variability in results has not been reported previously. PURPOSE: To compare the results of two PSB performed in the same subsegment on patients with suspected ICU-acquired pneumonia (IAP). STUDY DESIGN: Between October 1991 and April 1992, each mechanically ventilated patient with suspected IAP underwent bronchoscopy with two successive PSB in the lung segment identified as abnormal on radiographs. Results of the two PSB cultures were compared using 10(3) cfu/ml cutoff for a positive result. Four definite diagnoses were established during the follow up: definite pneumonia, probable pneumonia, excluded pneumonia, and uncertain pneumonia. POPULATION: Forty-two episodes in 26 patients were studied; 60 percent of patients received prior antibiotic therapy. Thirty-two microorganisms were isolated from 24 pairs of PSB. Definite diagnosis was definite pneumonia in 7, probable pneumonia in 8, excluded pneumonia in 17, and uncertain pneumonia in 10 cases. RESULTS: The PSB recovered the same microorganisms and argued for a good qualitative reproducibility. The distinction of positive and negative results on the basis of the 10(3) cfu/ml classic threshold was less reproducible. For 24 percent of the microorganisms recovered and in 16.7 percent of episodes of suspected IAP, the two consecutive samples gave results spread out on each side of the 10(3) cfu/ml cutoff. Discordance was higher when definite diagnosis was certain or probable than when diagnosis was excluded (p = 0.015). There was no statistical effect of the order of samples between the two specimens for bacterial index and microorganism concentrations. CONCLUSION: These findings argue for the poor repeatability of PSB in suspected IAP and question the yield of the 10(3) cfu/ml threshold. In attempting to diagnose IAP, the results of PSB must be interpreted with caution considering the intraindividual variability

In Drosophila melanogaster the COM Locus Directs the Somatic Silencing of Two Retrotransposons through both Piwi-Dependent and -Independent Pathways

BACKGROUND: In the Drosophila germ line, repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (rasiRNAs) ensure genomic stability by silencing endogenous transposable elements. This RNA silencing involves small RNAs of 26-30 nucleotides that are mainly produced from the antisense strand and function through the Piwi protein. Piwi belongs to the subclass of the Argonaute family of RNA interference effector proteins, which are expressed in the germline and in surrounding somatic tissues of the reproductive apparatus. In addition to this germ-line expression, Piwi has also been implicated in diverse functions in somatic cells. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, we show that two LTR retrotransposons from Drosophila melanogaster, ZAM and Idefix, are silenced by an RNA silencing pathway that has characteristics of the rasiRNA pathway and that specifically recognizes and destroys the sense-strand RNAs of the retrotransposons. This silencing depends on Piwi in the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte. Interestingly, this silencing is active in all the somatic tissues examined from embryos to adult flies. In these somatic cells, while the silencing still involves the strict recognition of sense-strand transcripts, it displays the marked difference of being independent of the Piwi protein. Finally, we present evidence that in all the tissues examined, the repression is controlled by the heterochromatic COM locus. CONCLUSION: Our data shed further light on the silencing mechanism that acts to target Drosophila LTR retrotransposons in somatic cells throughout fly development. They demonstrate that different RNA silencing pathways are involved in ovarian versus other somatic tissues, since Piwi is necessary for silencing in the former tissues but is dispensable in the latter. They further demonstrate that these pathways are controlled by the heterochromatic COM locus which ensures the overall protection of Drosophila against the detrimental effects of random retrotransposon mobilization

Functional Characteristics of a Highly Specific Integrase Encoded by an LTR-Retrotransposon

Background: The retroviral Integrase protein catalyzes the insertion of linear viral DNA into host cell DNA. Although different retroviruses have been shown to target distinctive chromosomal regions, few of them display a site-specific integration. ZAM, a retroelement from Drosophila melanogaster very similar in structure and replication cycle to mammalian retroviruses is highly site-specific. Indeed, ZAM copies target the genomic 59-CGCGCg-39 consensus-sequences. To enlighten the determinants of this high integration specificity, we investigated the functional properties of its integrase protein denoted ZAM-IN. Principal Findings: Here we show that ZAM-IN displays the property to nick DNA molecules in vitro. This endonuclease activity targets specific sequences that are present in a 388 bp fragment taken from the white locus and known to be a genomic ZAM integration site in vivo. Furthermore, ZAM-IN displays the unusual property to directly bind specific genomic DNA sequences. Two specific and independent sites are recognized within the 388 bp fragment of the white locus: the CGCGCg sequence and a closely apposed site different in sequence. Conclusion: This study strongly argues that the intrinsic properties of ZAM-IN, ie its binding properties and its endonuclease activity, play an important part in ZAM integration specificity. Its ability to select two binding sites and to nick the DNA molecule reminds the strategy used by some site-specific recombination enzymes and forms the basis for site-specifi