Bijeli sirevi u salamuri kao potencijalni izvor bioaktivnih peptida

In addition to the nutritional value, cheese and other fermented milk-based products are a good source of biologically active proteins and peptides. Bioactive peptides in cheese are mainly formed during cheese production, especially during ripening, which is one of the most important stages in cheese production. Since the ripening process differ significantly depending on the cheese type, it can be assumed that their bioactivity is also substantially different. White brined cheeses are specific for the region of South-Eastern Europe. They are characterized by relatively intensive proteolysis and as such may be of interest as products with favorable functional characteristics. Yet, their functionality is still insufficiently characterized. This paper presents an overview of the current knowledge on white brined cheese’s bioactive peptides.Sirevi kao i drugi fermentirani proizvodi na bazi mlijeka, osim izražene nutritivne vrijednosti, predstavljaju i dobar izvor biološki aktivnih proteina i peptida. Bioaktivni peptidi sira najvećim dijelom nastaju prilikom proizvodnje sira, a posebno tijekom zrenja, kao jedne od najznačajnijih faza u procesu proizvodnje. Kako se proces zrenja različitih tipova sira bitno razlikuje, može se pretpostaviti da se i njihova bioaktivnost bitno razlikuje. Bijeli sirevi u salamuri specifični su za podneblje Jugoistočne Europe, a odlikuju se dosta intenzivnim procesima proteolize te mogu biti zanimljivi kao proizvodi s povoljnim funkcionalnim karakteristikama. U tom smislu ovaj tip sira još uvijek nije dovoljno okarakteriziran. Ovaj rad predstavlja pregled dosadašnjih saznanja o bioaktivnim peptidima bijelih sireva u salamuri

Appearance of Eutypa lata (Pers.: Fr.) Tul., A causative agent of bacterial cancer and dying out of vine plant ("Eutypiosis") of wine grape in serbia and the possibilities of its suppression

Tijekom posljednjih pet godina (2003.-2007.) u pojedinim vinogradima na području Kruševca, Varvarina, Ražnja, Negotina, Vršca i okoline Novog Sada uočeni su pojedinačni čokoti, pa i do 20% njih, s izraženim specifičnim simptomima izumiranja i propadanja. Simptomi su posebno bili izraženi na sortama Talijanski rizling, Rajnski rizling i Sauvignon bijeli. Na oboljelim čokotima „karakteristični“ simptomi su se pokazali u vidu kloroze i peharastog uvijanja lišća, koje je obično postajalo sitnije od zdravog, te pojavom mladica s bitno skraćenim internodijama, dok se na poprečnom presjeku često uočavala nekrotična zona drvenastog dijela tkiva u obliku slova “V“. Na osnovi proučavanja patogenih, morfoloških i uzgajivačkih odlika izoliranog patogena, kao i primjenom molekularnih metoda, utvrđeno je da je uzročnik uočenih simtoma bolesti fitopatogena gljiva Eutypa lata. U radu je opisan značaj navedene vrste, simptomi koje ona uzrokuje i domaćini koje napada, kao i ciklus razvoja, s posebnim naglaskom na mjere za njeno suzbijanje.During the last five years (2003-2007) in certain vineyards in the area of Kruševac, Varvarin, Ražanj, Negotin, Vršac and the surroundings of Novi Sad, there were noticed individual vine plants with specific symptoms of dying out and rotting, even up to 20% of them. The symptoms were especially expressed on the sorts Italian Riesling, Rhine Riesling, and Sauvignon Blanc. “Characteristic” symptoms on the diseased vine plants were expressed in the form of chlorosis and curling of the leaves in the form of a goblet, which usually became smaller than the healthy ones, then the appearance of lastar with significantly shortened internodes, whereas on the cross- section there was often noticed a necrotic zone of the woody part of the tissue in the shape of the letter “V”. Based on the research of pathogen, morphological and cultivating characteristics of the isolated pathogen, as well as by applying molecular methods, it has been found out that the causative agent of the noticed symptoms of disease is a phytopathogenic fungus Eutipa lata. The paper describes the significance of the mentioned species, symptoms which it causes and hosts which it attacks, as well as the cycle of development, with special emphasis on its suppression

Uticaj primene bakterijskih inokulanata i strukture smeše na kvalitet silaže grahorice i ovsa

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the possibility of ensiling common vetch - oat mixtures sown at five different seeding rates. Two effects were studied: seeding rate of common vetch and oat in the mixtures and application of bacterial inoculant. The pH, DM (Dry Matter) content, ammonia nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, lactic, acetic and butyric acids were determined on silages. DLG method was utilized for classification the silage quality. Common vetch and oat were grown in binary mixtures at the experimental field of the Institute for forage crops, Kruševac - Serbia, and were tested at five different mixture rates: pure vetch, 25% vetch + 75% oat, 50% vetch + 50% oat, 75% vetch + 25% oat and pure oat. Application of bacterial inoculant affected higher content of ammonia nitrogen and acetic acid (P lt 0.05), but lower content of soluble nitrogen (P lt 0.05). Depending on the seeding rates of common vetch and oat, 75 : 25 common vetch - oat silage had the highest content of lactic acid and the lowest content of butyric acid. Contents of DM, pH and ammonia nitrogen were similar in all silages ranged from 307.2 to 318.5 g kg-1 , from 4.27 to 4.54 and from 16.1 to 19.1% ΣN, respectively. According to the DLG method for silage quality evaluation, similar quality grades were founded.Istraživanje je sprovedeno da bi se procenila mogućnost siliranja smeša grahorice i ovsa posejanih u pet različitih odnosa. Ispitivana su dva faktora: udeo semena grahorice i ovsa u smeši i primena inokulanta pri siliranju. Sadržaj suve materiije, pH, sadržaj amonijačnog i rastvorljivog azota, kao i sadržaj sirćetne, buterne i mlečne kiseline je utvrđen u silaži. Za ocenu kvaliteta silaže je korišćena DLG i metoda po Weissbach-u. Ogled je postavljen na eksperimentalnom polju Instituta za krmno bilje u Kruševcu, Srbija, i ispitavanja su obuhvatila pet različitih smeša: čist usev grahorice, 25% grahorice + 75% ovsa, 50% grahorice + 50% ovsa, 75% grahorice + 25% ovsa i čist usev ovsa. Rezultati suobrađeni kao dvofaktorijalni ogled, analizom varijanse korišćenjem modela koji objašnjava uticaj structure smeše i primene inokulanta na kvalitet silaže. Primena bakterijskog inokulanta je uzrokovala veći sadržaj amonijačnog azota i sirćetne kiseline (P lt 0.05), ali niži sadržaj rastvorljivog azota. Smeša u kojoj je odnos grahorice i ovsa bio 75:25 sadržala je najveći udeo mlečne kiseline i najmanji udeo buterne kiseline. Sadržaj suve materije, pH i amonijačnog azota je bio sličan u svim silažama i kretao se od 307,2 do 318,5 g kg-1 , od 4,27 do 4,54 i od 16,1 do 19,1% ΣN, respektivno. Na osnovu ocene kvaliteta silaže prema DLG i Weissbach metodi utvrđen je približan kvalitet ispitivanih silaža

Morphological description and molecular detection of Pestalotiopsis sp on hazelnut in Serbia

In autumn 2015, hazelnut plants with leaf blight symptoms were noticed in a commercial plantation in the Province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Symptomatic samples were collected and submitted to laboratory analysis. Based on morphological characterization, the fungus isolated from the material was initially identified as Pestalotiopsis sp. Pathogenicity tests showed that two selected isolates infected hazelnut leaves and fruits that developed symptoms after artificial inoculation. The pathogen was re-isolated from diseased leaves and fruits, confirming Koch's postulates. Molecular identification was performed with sequence and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, EF1-alpha, and TUB genomic regions. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results of the morphological identification. The detection of Pestalotiopsis sp., a causal agent of leaf blight on hazelnut in Serbia, is one of a few reports of these pathogenic fungi on hazelnut

Ispitivanje karakteristika ratarskih prskalica u Rasinskom okrugu

In agricultural production, pests and diseases of agricultural crops, as well as weed plants, cause significant losses in the yield and quality of agricultural products. One of the most effective ways of fighting is the use of a wide range of chemicals called pesticides. In accordance with the EU Directives 2009/128/EC and 2006/42/EC underlying the standard EN 13790, the Plant Protection Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment of the Republic of Serbia has established a framework for the control of sprayers and mist blowers. Maintaining sprayers for pesticide application in a good state of repair and proper working order reduces their harmful effects on human health and the environment. The nozzle is one of the most important parts of plant protection machines, responsible for the following major functions: delivery of a given amount of liquid in a unit of time, dispersion of the liquid by making droplets of different sizes and forming a stream of a particular shape. Testing of the working safety of sprayers and nozzles was carried out in accordance with the European Standard EN 13790 which specifies the methods and equipment for inspection. The flow rate of nozzles was measured by an S001 nozzle tester (AAMS-Salvarani, Belgium). The measuring equipment used for testing the pesticide application device can accurately determine any deviation and irregularity in the application.U poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji, štetočine i bolesti poljoprivrednih kultura, kao i korovske biljke svake godine prouzrokuju značajne gubitke u prinosu i kvalitetu poljoprivrednih proizvoda. Jedan od najefikasnijih načina borbe jeste primena brojnih i različitih hemijskih sredstava, koja se nazivaju opštim nazivom pesticidi. U skladu sa Direktivama Evropskog parlamenta 2009/128/EC i 2006/42/EC, kojima je osnova standard EN 13790, koji propisuje obavezni pregled mašina za zaštitu bilja, Uprava za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede i životne sredine Republike Srbije uspostavlja okvir za kontrolu sistema prskalica i orošivača. Upotrebom tehnički ispravnih i kontrolisanih ratarskih prskalica za primenu pesticida smanjuje se njihov štetni uticaj na zdravlje ljudi i životnu okolinu. Jedan od najznačajnijih delova mašina za zaštitu bilja predstavljaju rasprskivači. Oni obavljaju najvažnije funkcije, kao što su: propuštaju zadate količine tečnosti u jedinici vremena, raspršuju tečnost praveći kapljice odgovarajućih veličina i formiraju mlaz odgovarajućeg oblika. Testiranje radne ispravnosti prskalice i rasprskivača vršeno je u skladu sa evropskim normativom EN 13790, koji propisuje metode i opremu kojom se obavlja inspekcija. Protok rasprskivača je meren pomoću ispitivača pojedinačnih rasprskivača S001 belgijskog proizvođača 'AAMS-Salvarani'. Primenom merne opreme za ispitivanje ispravnosti rada uređaja za primenu pesticida, merenjem je moguće tačno ustanoviti svako odstupanje i nepravilnost u radu. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da postoje značajna odstupanja ispitivanih parametara

Protein profiles and total antioxidant capacity of water soluble and insoluble protein fractions of white cow cheese at different stage of ripening

This research is focused on proteolysis and total antioxidant capacity of proteins of white brined cheese prepared from overheated (90 degrees C, 10 minutes) cow milk. White brined cow cheese of overheated milk went through specific proteolytic changes during ripening that were result of high level of whey proteins incorporated into the gel matrix. Specificity was reflected through the relatively low level of soluble nitrogen fractions, the intensive and continual decrease of alpha(s)-caseins up to 15.42 % of initial content, slow degradation of beta-casein throughout the whole ripening period and high level of proteolytic products tightly bounded into gel matrix. Strong negative correlations (-0.97, -0.98 and -0.91; p lt 0.05) between ripening time and resudual alpha(s)-caseins, beta-casein and low molecular weight products were observed. Proteolysis also affected the total antioxidant capacity of both water soluble and water insoluble nitrogen fractions, but to different extents and with different trends. Total antioxidant capacity of water insoluble fraction increased slowly during the whole ripening period, wherease significant improvement of total antioxidant capacity of water soluble fraction started after 30 days of ripening. These findings could be useful for better understanding and control of the white brined cow cheese production

Eutipozno odumiranje čokota vinove loze

The eutypa dieback of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), caused by phytopathogenic fungus Eutypa lata, is one of the most severe diseases of trunk and other woody tissues of grapevine in the world. This disease, also known as the grapevine eutyposis, significantly reduces yield and quality of grapes, but primarily reduces the life span of the vines, causing partial or complete dying of grapevine. During 2004-2012, symptoms of dieback of grapevine were observed in Serbia and E. lata presence was confirmed by conventional and molecular identification methods. Symptoms first appear in the form of tiny, chlorotic and necrotic spots on the periphery of the leaf, followed by deformation of the leaves and the appearance of shortened shoots, often with the so-called zigzag growth of internodes. Subsequently, partial or complete dying of the grapevine occurs. The causal agent of eutypa dieback is E. lata - a vascular pathogen from the Diatrypaceae family. The infection occurs when ascospores reach fresh wounds formed by pruning, and in the presence of water droplets penetrate into the vascular tissue. Wounds are particularly sensitive immediately after pruning, although infections can occur seven weeks after the pruning. Eutyposis disease control requires integration of several different control measures. When pruning the grapevine, large scale wounding should be avoided. Pruned parts from diseased plants should be taken out of the vineyard and burned. If the symptoms are present, but the disease has not spread to the whole vine, the infected tissue should be pruned off together with at least 10 cm of healthy tissue. Fresh cuts should be preferably coated with fungicides such as thiophanate-methyl, pyraclostrobin or tebuconazole. In USA, paste with 5% (w/w) boric acid is successfully used for the coating of wounds. It is especially important to protect cuts during the restoration of grapevines or grafting grapevine on the two-year-old and the older grapevine, as well as in the large cuts inflicted in the main trunk. In the USA (California), it is recommended to conduct pruning as late as possible, just before bud swelling. Preventive measures include selection of less sensitive varieties and removal of potential disease hosts near the vineyard. Breeding forms of grapevine with lower stems and mixed pruning are also recommended.Eutipozno odumiranje čokota vinove loze (Vitis vinifera L.), kojе prouzokuje fitopatogena gljiva Eutypa lata, predstavlja jednu od najštetnijih bolesti debla i ostalih drvenastih tkiva vinove loze u svetu. Ovо oboljenje, poznato i kao eutipoza vinove loze, značajno smanjuje prinos i kvalitet grožđa, ali pre svega skraćuje životni vek vinove loze, izazivajući delimično ili potpuno odumiranje čokota. U peroiodu od 2004 do 2012. godine, na teritoriji Srbije, uočeni su simptomi odumiranja čokota vinove loze, a prisustvo E. lata potvrđeno primenom konvencionalnih i molekularnih metoda. Simptomi se najpre ispoljavaju u vidu sitnih, hlorotičnih i nekrotičnih pega po obodu lista, praćeni deformacijom listova i pojavom skraćenih lastara, često sa takozvanim cik-cak porastom internodija. Vremenom dolazi do delimičnog ili potpunog odumiranja čokota vinove loze. Prouzrokovač eutipoznog odumiranja vinove loze je gljiva E. lata - vaskularni patogen iz familije Diatrypaceae. Infekcija nastaje kada askospore gljive dospeju na sveže preseke nastale rezidbom i u prisustvu vodenih kapi prodiru u vaskularno tkivo. Rane su posebno osetljive odmah nakon orezivanja, premda se infekcije mogu ostvariti i sedam nedelja nakon rezidbe. Mere zaštite od ove kompleksne bolesti zahtevaju integraciju više različitih mera borbe. Pri orezivanju vinove loze potrebno je izbegavati nanošenje velikih rana. Ukoliko se primete simptomi, ali se bolest nije proširila na ceo čokot, zaraženo tkivo treba odrezati zajedno sa najmanje 10 cm zdravog tkiva. Orezane delove sa obolelih biljaka bi trebalo izneti iz vinograda i spaliti. Sveže preseke poželjno je premazati fungicidima kao što su tiofanat - metil, piraklostrobin ili tebukonazol. Za premazivanje rana u SAD-a se uspešno koristi pasta sa 5% (w/w) bornom kiselinom. Posebno je važno zaštititi preseke pri obnavljaju čokota ili prekalemljivanju loze na dvogodišnjoj i starijoj lozi, kao i velike preseke na glavnom stablu. U SAD (Kaliforniji) preporučuje se što kasnija rezidba, ako je moguće pred samo bubrenje pupoljaka. Preventivne mere uključuju izbor manje osetljivih sorti i uklanjanje potencijalnih domaćina prouzrokovača u blizini vinograda. Za preventivu se preporučuje i izbor nekog od uzgojnih oblika koji podrazumevaju formiranje čokota sa niskim stablom - mešovita rezidba

Primena testova vegetativne kompatibilnosti za identifikaciju biodiverziteta fitopatogenih gljiva

Visual assessment of phenotypes, performed when two strains of one fungal species are cultivated in a mixed culture on specific media, is known as vegetative or heterokaryotic compatibility or incompatibility test, which enables identification of fungal clones and their classification based on phylogenetic groups. Hyphae of strains that have identical alleles at all vic loci can anastomose into a form of a visible heterokaryon. Strains that divide compatible loci and can anastomose each other belong to a subpopulation termed the vegetative compatibility group (VCG), which is genetically distinguishable from other VCGs. Each VCG is specific regarding its host plant or related host groups and can, but does not have to be virulent on other hosts. Vegetative compatibility can be established in different ways, but complementary auxotrophic strains or strains formed by spontaneous mutation during nutrition, capable of forming a prototrophic heterokaryon are predominantly used. The nit mutants are considered excellent genetic markers for determination of vegetative compatibility and grouping of strains or clones of one fungus into the same or different VCGs. The ability only to determine whether strains are the same or not, but not the degree of their relatedness using VCG, is a limiting factor in analyses that could be performed. VCGs are the most efficient when they are employed to detect the presence of a specific strain in a population. This paper provides an overview of the importance of the phenomenon of vegetative compatibility. Vegetative compatibility is one of the most important genetic traits in ascomycetes by which one subpopulation can be identified as a distinct genetic group. Furthermore, the procedures for isolation, identification and determination of nit mutant phenotypes, and for identification of complementary strains and VCGs are described in detail.Vizuelna ocena fenotipa koja se izvodi kada se dva izolata ili soja jedne vrste gljive gaje u združenim kulturama na specifičnim podlogama, poznata kao test vegetativne ili heterokarionske kompatibilnosti ili nekompatibilnosti, omogućava identifikaciju klonova gljive i njihovu klasifikaciju prema filogenetskim grupama. Hife izolata koje imaju identične alele kod svih vic lokusa mogu da anastomoziraju u oblik vidljivog heterokariona. Izolati koji dele kompatibilne lokuse i mogu da anastomoziraju jedni s drugima pripadaju subpopulaciji označenoj kao vegetativno kompatibilna grupa (VCG) koja je genetski odvojena od drugih vegetativno kompatibilnih grupa (VCGs). Svaka VCG je specifična prema biljci domaćinu ili srodnoj grupi domaćina i može ili ne mora biti virulentna na drugim domaćinima. Vegetativna kompatibilnost može biti utvrđena na različite načine, ali se najčešće koriste komplementarni auksotrofni sojevi, ili sojevi koji su nastali spontanom mutacijom tokom ishrane, a koji su sposobni da obrazuju prototrofni heterokarion. Smatra se da su nit mutanti izvrsni genetički markeri za utvrđivanje vegetativne kompatibilnosti i grupisanje sojeva ili klonova jedne vrste gljive u iste ili različite VCGs. Nesposobnost da se odredi stepen srodnosti korišćenjem VCGs, već samo da li su izolati isti ili ne, ograničava tipove analiza koje bi mogle biti postavljene. VCGs su najefikasnije kada se koriste za utvrđivanje prisustva specifičnog soja u populaciji. U radu je dat pregled značaja fenomena vegetativne kompatibilnosti, kao jedne veoma značajne genetičke osobine kod askomiceta kojom se jedna subpopulacija može identifikovati kao posebna genetička grupa. Isto tako, dat je detaljan opis postupka za izolaciju, identifikaciju i utvrđivanje fenotipa nit mutanata, kao i za identifikaciju komplementarnih sojeva i VCGs

Fusarium and deoxynivalenol contamination of winter wheat depending on growing season and cultivar

Wheat is the most important staple food in the world and the main source of carbohydrates, fibre, proteins, vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals for human consumption. The nutrients from wheat kernels can also be used as livestock feed. Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by fungal species of the Fusarium genus, is one of the most important wheat diseases worldwide. The lack of FHB management strategies results in significant economic losses in yield and quality of wheat kernels. In this study, the influence of growing season and wheat cultivar on some FHB and yield component traits, as well as on the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) levels during the harvest period in 2014 and 2015, was investigated. Significant influence of growing season (year) and wheat cultivar on disease (FHB index – FHBI, incidence of Fusarium-damaged kernels – FDK and levels of DON) and yield parameters (spike weight – SW, kernel weight per spike – KWS, and 100-kernel weight) was found. FHBI, FDK, and DON were higher in 2014, while SW, KWS, and 100-kernel weight were lower in 2014 than in 2015. The mid-early wheat cultivar Simonida had lower FHBI, FDK, and levels of DON and significantly higher SW, KWS, and 100-kernel weight than the mid late cultivar NS 40S. There was a significant effect of year × cultivar interaction on FHBI, FDK and 100-kernel weight

Fusarium and deoxynivalenol contamination of winter wheat depending on growing season and cultivar

Wheat is the most important staple food in the world and the main source of carbohydrates, fibre, proteins, vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals for human consumption. The nutrients from wheat kernels can also be used as livestock feed. Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by fungal species of the Fusarium genus, is one of the most important wheat diseases worldwide. The lack of FHB management strategies results in significant economic losses in yield and quality of wheat kernels. In this study, the influence of growing season and wheat cultivar on some FHB and yield component traits, as well as on the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) levels during the harvest period in 2014 and 2015, was investigated. Significant influence of growing season (year) and wheat cultivar on disease (FHB index – FHBI, incidence of Fusarium-damaged kernels – FDK and levels of DON) and yield parameters (spike weight – SW, kernel weight per spike – KWS, and 100-kernel weight) was found. FHBI, FDK, and DON were higher in 2014, while SW, KWS, and 100-kernel weight were lower in 2014 than in 2015. The mid-early wheat cultivar Simonida had lower FHBI, FDK, and levels of DON and significantly higher SW, KWS, and 100-kernel weight than the mid-late cultivar NS 40S. There was a significant effect of year × cultivar interaction on FHBI, FDK and 100-kernel weight