AGROINDUSTRY FOR RURAL AND SMALL FARMER DEVELOPMENT: ISSUES AND LESSONS FROM INDIA

This article examines the priority given to agroindustries in India in the context of their role in rural and small farmer development. The features and constraints of agroindustry are examined to assess their real and potential contribution and challenges faced. Institutional and organizational models that have been tried or proposed in India are evaluated from the point of view of performance and contribution to rural and small farmer development. The article then draws policy and managerial implicationsAgribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development,

Coherent population trapping (CPT) versus electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)

We discuss the differences between two well-studied and related phenomena---coherent population trapping (CPT) and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Many differences between the two---such as the effect of power in the beams, detuning of the beams from resonance, and the use of vapor cells filled with buffer gas---are demonstrated experimentally. The experiments are done using magnetic sublevels of the $1 \rightarrow 1$ transition in the D$_2$ line of $^{87}$Rb.Comment: 9 pages, 13 figure

Excellent Field Emission Properties of Short Conical Carbon Nanotubes Prepared by Microwave Plasma Enhanced CVD Process

Randomly oriented short and low density conical carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared on Si substrates by tubular microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process at relatively low temperature (350–550 °C) by judiciously controlling the microwave power and growth time in C2H2 + NH3gas composition and Fe catalyst. Both length as well as density of the CNTs increased with increasing microwave power. CNTs consisted of regular conical compartments stacked in such a way that their outer diameter remained constant. Majority of the nanotubes had a sharp conical tip (5–20 nm) while its other side was either open or had a cone/pear-shaped catalyst particle. The CNTs were highly crystalline and had many open edges on the outer surface, particularly near the joints of the two compartments. These films showed excellent field emission characteristics. The best emission was observed for a medium density film with the lowest turn-on and threshold fields of 1.0 and 2.10 V/μm, respectively. It is suggested that not only CNT tip but open edges on the body also act as active emission sites in the randomly oriented geometry of such periodic structures

A Review on Preparation of ZnO Nanorods and Their Use in Ethanol Vapors Sensing

The devices of polycrystalline film have small sensitivity that can be overthrown by using high aspect ratio of 1D nanostructures, such as ZnO nanostructures. Sensors based on 1D nanostructures show very quick response time and high sensitivity for their high impact factor. The purpose of this article is to provide a comparison of different methods and the quality of the sensors thus produced. Currently, metal oxide 1D nanoarchitectures like ZnO have great attraction due to their applications in sensors. Metal oxide nanostructures have high aspect ratio, with small consumption of power and low weight, however, keeping excellent chemical and thermal dependability. Different techniques have been adopted to fabricate metal oxide one-dimensional nanostructures like hydrothermal, electro-spinning, sol-gel, ultrasonic irradiation, anodization, solid state chemical reaction, molten-salt, thermal evaporation, carbothermal reduction, aerosol, vapor-phase transport, chemical vapor deposition, RF sputtering, gas-phase-assisted nanocarving, molecular beam epitaxy, dry plasma etching, and UV lithography. The sensitivity depends upon the materials; synthesis technique and morphology of the sensor performance toward a particular gas have different range of success. This article estimates the efficiency of ZnO 1D nanoarchitectures, gas sensors. Finally, in this review, we had mentioned the future directions of investigations in this field

Studies on Sheet Explosive Formulation Based on Octahydro-1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocine and Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene

The effect of replacing hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in HTPB-binder on the performance, sensitivity, thermal, and mechanical properties of the sheet explosive formulation has been studied. The maximum loading of HMX was achieved up to 78 per cent in HTPB-binder system. The velocity of detonation (VOD) of HMX-based sheet explosive was observed about 7300 m/s which is marginally higher than existing RDX-based sheet explosive formulation (RDX/HTPB-binder, 80/20). The VOD trends were verified by theoretical calculation by BKW code using FORTRAN executable program. The thermal decomposition kinetics of sheet explosive formulations was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The activation energy for sheet explosive formulation HMX/HTPB-binder (78/22) was calculated using Kissinger kinetic method and found to be 170.08 kJ/mol, infer that sheet explosive formulation is thermally stable

A fuzzy optimization approach for procurement transport operational planning in an automobile supply chain

We consider a real-world automobile supply chain in which a first-tier supplier serves an assembler and determines its procurement transport planning for a second-tier supplier by using the automobile assembler's demand information, the available capacity of trucks and inventory levels. The proposed fuzzy multi-objective integer linear programming model (FMOILP) improves the transport planning process for material procurement at the first-tier supplier level, which is subject to product groups composed of items that must be ordered together, order lot sizes, fuzzy aspiration levels for inventory and used trucks and uncertain truck maximum available capacities and minimum percentages of demand in stock. Regarding the defuzzification process, we apply two existing methods based on the weighted average method to convert the FMOILP into a crisp MOILP to then apply two different aggregation functions, which we compare, to transform this crisp MOILP into a single objective MILP model. A sensitivity analysis is included to show the impact of the objectives weight vector on the final solutions. The model, based on the full truck load material pick method, provides the quantity of products and number of containers to be loaded per truck and period. An industrial automobile supply chain case study demonstrates the feasibility of applying the proposed model and the solution methodology to a realistic procurement transport planning problem. The results provide lower stock levels and higher occupation of the trucks used to fulfill both demand and minimum inventory requirements than those obtained by the manual spreadsheet-based method. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.This work has been funded partly by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology project: Production technology based on the feedback from production, transport and unload planning and the redesign of warehouses decisions in the supply chain (Ref. DPI2010-19977) and by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia project 'Material Requirement Planning Fourth Generation (MRPIV) (Ref. PAID-05-12)'.Díaz-Madroñero Boluda, FM.; Peidro Payá, D.; Mula, J. (2014). A fuzzy optimization approach for procurement transport operational planning in an automobile supply chain. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 38(23):5705-5725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2014.04.053S57055725382

Structure and photoluminescence properties of red-emitting apatite-type phosphor NaY9(SiO4)6O2:Sm3+ with excellent quantum efficiency and thermal stability for solid-state lighting.

A novel red-emitting phosphor NaY9(SiO4)6O2:Sm3+ (NYS:Sm3+) was synthesized and the X-ray diffraction and high-resolution TEM testified that the NYS compound belongs to the apatite structure which crystallized in a hexagonal unit cell with space group P63/m. The novel phosphor boasts of such three advantageous properties as perfect compatible match with the commercial UV chips, 73.2% quantum efficiency and 90.9% thermal stability at 150 °C. Details are as follows. NYS:Sm3+ phosphor showed obvious absorption in the UV regions centered at 407 nm, which can be perfectly compatible with the commercial UV chips. The property investigations showed that NYS:Sm3+ phosphor emitted reddish emission with CIE coordination of (0.563, 0.417). The optimum quenching concentration of Sm3+ in NYS phosphor was about 10%mol, and the corresponding concentration quenching mechanism was verified to be the electric dipole-dipole interaction. Upon excitation at 407 nm, the composition-optimized NYS:0.10Sm3+ exhibited a high quantum efficiency of 73.2%, and its luminescence intensity at 150 °C decreased simply to 90.9% of the initial value at room temperature. All of the results indicated that NYS:Sm3+ is a promising candidate as a reddish-emitting UV convertible phosphor for application in white light emitting diodes (w-LEDs)

Prevalence of tobacco consumption among adolescents from rural area of Wardha district

Background: Globally adolescent  population is around 1200 million and out of six person, every one person is in adolescence (aged10 to 19 years) period (1). Yet most of them are healthy, but premature death, illness and injury among them can hinder ability to grow and develop to their full potential. It is estimated that 1.2 million adolescents died in 2015 and mostly from preventable or treatable causes. Tobacco consumption is world's leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. National Family Health Survey conducted in year 2016-17 reported tobacco consumption prevalence 38.9% in urban area and 48% in rural area of India. Method: It was a community based cross-sectional study conducted in eight villages of Wardha district adopted under Community Health Care program run by department of community medicine. Data was collected by interview from 485 adolescent in the age group of 10-19 years by domiciliary visits using pre-designed pre-tested questionnaire from the period October 2016 to October 2018. Results: Prevalence of tobacco use (all forms), smokeless tobacco use and smoking in rural adolescents were 20.82%, 20.41%, and 2.68%, respectively. Prevalence of tobacco use in boys (30.29%) was more than girls (4.49%). Higher Prevalence was found in late adolescent period. Bidi was commonly used form of smoke tobacco while Kharra was the preferred smokeless tobacco. Almost all smokers were male but few exceptions were there. Conclusion: The prevalence of tobacco use among rural adolescents was very high (20.82%) as compared to national prevalence of 14.6% according to the global youth tobacco survey India 2009. There is a need of early intervention for tobacco cessation as overall mean age of 1st experienced to tobacco consumption was 12.02 years and in male and female users it was 12.25 years and 10.88 years respectively. 42.10 % adolescents 1st time  experienced any type of tobacco products when they were in the 12-14 years age and only 0.66% adolescents experienced at the age of 17 -19 years. Maximum male (42.19%) and female (41.67%) ever user experienced their 1st tobacco consumption when they were 12-14 years old

Prevalence of tobacco consumption among adolescents from rural area of Wardha district

Background: Globally adolescent  population is around 1200 million and out of six person, every one person is in adolescence (aged10 to 19 years) period (1). Yet most of them are healthy, but premature death, illness and injury among them can hinder ability to grow and develop to their full potential. It is estimated that 1.2 million adolescents died in 2015 and mostly from preventable or treatable causes. Tobacco consumption is world\u27s leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. National Family Health Survey conducted in year 2016-17 reported tobacco consumption prevalence 38.9% in urban area and 48% in rural area of India. Method: It was a community based cross-sectional study conducted in eight villages of Wardha district adopted under Community Health Care program run by department of community medicine. Data was collected by interview from 485 adolescent in the age group of 10-19 years by domiciliary visits using pre-designed pre-tested questionnaire from the period October 2016 to October 2018. Results: Prevalence of tobacco use (all forms), smokeless tobacco use and smoking in rural adolescents were 20.82%, 20.41%, and 2.68%, respectively. Prevalence of tobacco use in boys (30.29%) was more than girls (4.49%). Higher Prevalence was found in late adolescent period. Bidi was commonly used form of smoke tobacco while Kharra was the preferred smokeless tobacco. Almost all smokers were male but few exceptions were there. Conclusion: The prevalence of tobacco use among rural adolescents was very high (20.82%) as compared to national prevalence of 14.6% according to the global youth tobacco survey India 2009. There is a need of early intervention for tobacco cessation as overall mean age of 1st experienced to tobacco consumption was 12.02 years and in male and female users it was 12.25 years and 10.88 years respectively. 42.10 % adolescents 1st time  experienced any type of tobacco products when they were in the 12-14 years age and only 0.66% adolescents experienced at the age of 17 -19 years. Maximum male (42.19%) and female (41.67%) ever user experienced their 1st tobacco consumption when they were 12-14 years old