Aborto causado por rinotraqueítis infecciosa bovina (IBR)

La rinotraqueítis infecciosa bovina (IBR) es una enfermedad altamente contagiosa del ganado, el herpes virus bovino tipo 1, de la familia Herpesviridae, es un patógeno muy importante en el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Existen diferentes cepas que pueden causar distintas formas de la enfermedad: VHB-1.1 son cepas específicas de enfermedades respiratorias agudas, mientras que, VHB -1. 2.a y VHB-1.2. b son cepas causantes de enfermedad respiratoria y enfermedad reproductiva, por otro lado, también son responsables de infertilidad, muerte embrionaria y abortos. VHB-1. 3.a y VHB-1.3. b son causantes de enfermedades encefálicas, menos comunes. La infección primaria se acompaña de diversas manifestaciones clínicas, como rinotraqueítis infecciosa bovina, aborto, vulvovaginitis pustulosa infecciosa e infección sistémica en neonatos. Cuando los animales sobreviven a la patogenicidad del virus, se establece una infección latente de por vida en los ganglios nerviosos sensoriales, haciendo que cualquier variación inmunológica permita la reinfección y por ende que estímulos de reactivación, pueden conducir a la reexcreción viral, responsable del mantenimiento de VHB-1 dentro de un rebaño, durante periodos extensos de tiempo. Al ser un virus altamente contagioso, la manera más efectiva y confiable para combatir la enfermedad dentro de los hatos ganaderos, es instaurar un correcto plan sanitario, que permita la debida inmunización de los animales, contra el virus, evitando así, las consecuencias productivas, económicas y sanitarias, la presente revisión bibliográfica busca recopilar la información más actualizada e importante al respecto de la IBR a nivel mundial como nacional, dándola la importancia requerida como causante de abortos en bovinos.Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a highly contagious disease of cattle. Bovine herpesvirus type 1, of the Herpesviridae family, is a very important pathogen in the development of the disease. There are different strains that can cause different forms of the disease: HBV-1.1 are strains specific to acute respiratory disease, while, HBV-1.2.a and HBV-1.2.b are strains causing respiratory disease and reproductive disease, on the other hand, they are also responsible for infertility, embryonic death and abortions. HBV-1. 3.a and HBV-1.3.b are less common causes of encephalic disease. Primary infection is accompanied by various clinical manifestations, such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, abortion, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and systemic infection in neonates. When animals survive the pathogenicity of the virus, a lifelong latent infection is established in the sensory nerve ganglia, causing any immunological variation to allow reinfection and thus reactivation stimuli can lead to viral re-excretion, responsible for the maintenance of HBV-1 within a herd for extended periods of time. Being a highly contagious virus, the most effective and reliable way to combat the disease in cattle herds is to establish a correct sanitary plan that allows the proper immunization of animals against the virus, thus avoiding the productive, economic and sanitary consequences. The present bibliographic review seeks to compile the most updated and important information on IBR worldwide and nationally, giving it the required importance as a cause of abortions in cattle

Understanding the potential of Sentinel-2 for monitoring methane point emissions

The use of satellite instruments to detect and quantify methane emissions from fossil fuel production activities is highly beneficial to support climate change mitigation. Different hyperspectral and multispectral satellite sensors have recently shown potential to detect and quantify point-source emissions from space. The Sentinel-2 (S2) mission, despite its limited spectral design, supports the detection of large emissions with global coverage and high revisit frequency thanks to coarse spectral coverage of methane absorption lines in the shortwave infrared. Validation of S2 methane retrieval algorithms is instrumental in accelerating the development of a systematic and global monitoring system for methane point sources. Here we develop a benchmarking framework for such validation. We first develop a methodology to generate simulated S2 datasets including methane point-source plumes. These benchmark datasets have been created for scenes in three oil and gas basins (Hassi Messaoud, Algeria; Korpeje, Turkmenistan; Permian Basin, USA) under different scene heterogeneity conditions and for simulated methane plumes with different spatial distributions. We use the simulated methane plumes to validate the retrieval for different flux rate levels and define a minimum detection threshold for each case study. The results suggest that for homogeneous surfaces, the detection limit of the proposed S2 methane retrieval ranges from 1000 kg h&minus;1 to 2000 kg h&minus;1, whereas for areas with large surface heterogeneity, the retrieval can only detect plumes in excess of 5000 kg h&minus;1. The different sources of uncertainty in the flux rate estimates have also been examined. Dominant quantification errors are either wind-related or plume mask-related, depending on the surface type. Uncertainty in wind speed, both in the 10-m wind (U10) and in mapping U10 to the effective wind (Ueff ) driving plume transport, is the dominant source of error for quantifying individual plumes in homogeneous scenes. For heterogeneous scenes, the surface structure underlying the methane plume affects the plume masking and can become a dominant source of uncertainty.</p

Zwitterionic Character and Lipid Composition Determine the Behaviour of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Fragments in Monolayers

Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. GPIs have been associated with the formation of lipid rafts and protein sorting on membranes. The presence of a conserved glycan core with cell-specific modifications together with lipid remodelling during biosynthesis suggest that the properties of the glycolipids are being fine-tuned. We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. These results contribute to understand the role of these glycolipids and their modifications in the organization of membranes

Rrm3 and Pif1 division of labor during replication through leading and lagging strand G-quadruplex

Members of the conserved Pif1 family of 5\u27-3\u27 DNA helicases can unwind G4s and mitigate their negative impact on genome stability. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two Pif1 family members, Pif1 and Rrm3, contribute to the suppression of genomic instability at diverse regions including telomeres, centromeres and tRNA genes. While Pif1 can resolve lagging strand G4s in vivo, little is known regarding Rrm3 function at G4s and its cooperation with Pif1 for G4 replication. Here, we monitored replication through G4 sequences in real time to show that Rrm3 is essential for efficient replisome progression through G4s located on the leading strand template, but not on the lagging strand. We found that Rrm3 importance for replication through G4s is dependent on its catalytic activity and its N-terminal unstructured region. Overall, we show that Rrm3 and Pif1 exhibit a division of labor that enables robust replication fork progression through leading and lagging strand G4s, respectively

Synthetic phosphoethanolamine-modified oligosaccharides reveal the importance of glycan length and substitution in biofilm-inspired assemblies

Bacterial biofilm matrices are nanocomposites of proteins and polysaccharides with remarkable mechanical properties. Efforts understanding and tuning the protein component have been extensive, whereas the polysaccharide part remained mostly overlooked. The discovery of phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) modified cellulose in E. coli biofilms revealed that polysaccharide functionalization alters the biofilm properties. To date, the pattern of pEtN cellulose and its mode of interactions with proteins remains elusive. Herein, we report a model system based on synthetic epitomes to explore the role of pEtN in biofilm-inspired assemblies. Nine pEtN-modified oligosaccharides were synthesized with full control over the length, degree and pattern of pEtN substitution. The oligomers were co-assembled with a representative peptide, triggering the formation of fibers in a length dependent manner. We discovered that the pEtN pattern modulates the adhesion of biofilm-inspired matrices, while the peptide component controls its stiffness. Unnatural oligosaccharides tune or disrupt the assembly morphology, revealing interesting targets for polysaccharide engineering to develop tunable bio-inspired materials

Quantifying methane emissions from the global scale down to point sources using satellite observations of atmospheric methane

[EN] We review the capability of current and scheduled satellite observations of atmospheric methane in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) to quantify methane emissions from the global scale down to point sources. We cover retrieval methods, precision and accuracy requirements, inverse and mass balance methods for inferring emissions, source detection thresholds, and observing system completeness. We classify satellite instruments as area flux mappers and point source imagers, with complementary attributes. Area flux mappers are high-precision (< 1 %) instruments with 0.1-10 km pixel size designed to quantify total methane emissions on regional to global scales. Point source imagers are fine-pixel (< 60 m) instruments designed to quantify individual point sources by imaging of the plumes. Current area flux mappers include GOSAT (2009-present), which provides a high-quality record for interpretation of long-term methane trends, and TROPOMI (2018-present), which provides global continuous daily mapping to quantify emissions on regional scales. These instruments already provide a powerful resource to quantify national methane emissions in support of the Paris Agreement. Current point source imagers include the GHGSat constellation and several hyperspectral and multispectral land imaging sensors (PRISMA, Sentinel-2, Landsat-8/9, WorldView-3), with detection thresholds in the 100-10 000 kg h(-1) range that enable monitoring of large point sources. Future area flux mappers, including MethaneSAT, GOSAT-GW, Sentinel-5, GeoCarb, and CO2M, will increase the capability to quantify emissions at high resolution, and the MERLIN lidar will improve observation of the Arctic. The averaging times required by area flux mappers to quantify regional emissions depend on pixel size, retrieval precision, observation density, fraction of successful retrievals, and return times in a way that varies with the spatial resolution desired. A similar interplay applies to point source imagers between detection threshold, spatial coverage, and return time, defining an observing system completeness. Expanding constellations of point source imagers including GHGSat and Carbon Mapper over the coming years will greatly improve observing system completeness for point sources through dense spatial coverage and frequent return times.This research has been supported by the Collaboratory to Advance Methane Science (CAMS) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Earth Sciences Division (grant no. NNH20ZDA001N-CMS).Jacob, DJ.; Varon, DJ.; Cusworth, DH.; Dennision, PE.; Frankenberg, C.; Gautam, R.; Guanter-Palomar, LM.... (2022). Quantifying methane emissions from the global scale down to point sources using satellite observations of atmospheric methane. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS. 14:9617-9646. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9617-2022961796461