Mudanças acontecidas no trabalho institucional do cuidado masculino e feminino em três hospitais do Antigo Regime Castellano para o trânsito da contemporaneidade

Este artículo tiene el propósito de comparar los cambios producidos en el trabajo institucional del cuidado masculino y femenino en tres hospitales en el ámbito castellano en el periodo del Antiguo Régimen al tránsito a la contemporaneidad. Los casos de estudio son el hospital de San Hermenegildo y el hospital de las Cinco Llagas, ambos ubicados en Sevilla. Estos hospitales se compararan con el hospital de San Bartolomé de la Ciudad de los Reyes en el Virreinato del Perú. En la transición de la modernidad a la contemporaneidad, el apoyo político e institucional que recibió el desarrollo y estudio de la medicina en la monarquía española produjo cambios en la gestión del cuidado hospitalario al punto de la suplantación del trabajo asistencial femenino, ejercido en los hospitales de mujeres, por practicantes en medicina.This article aims to compare the changes in the institutional work of male and female care in three hospitals in the Castilian area during the Old Regime to the transit to Contemporary Age. Case studies are the hospital of San Hermenegildo and the hospital of the Five Wounds, both located in Sevilla capital. These hospitals will be compared with the hospital of Saint Bartholomew of Lima in the Viceroyalty of Perú. In the transition of the modernity to the contemporary Age, the political and institutional support that received the development and study of the medicine in the Spanish monarchy, transformed the care into the hospitals that produced, even, the supplanting of the ancient nurse feminine work, exercised in the women’s hospitals, for medical instructors in medicine.Este artigo tem como objetivo comparar as mudanças no trabalho institucional do cuidado masculino e feminino em três hospitais no domínio castelhano no período do Antigo Regime à contemporaneidade. Os estudos são o hospital de San Hermenegildo e o hospital das Cinco Feridas, ambos localizados em Sevilha. Esses hospitais são comparados com o hospital de San Bartolomé de la Ciudad de los Reyes no Vice-Reino do Peru. Na transição da modernidade para o contemporaneidad, o apoio político e institucional que recebeu o desenvolvimento e estudo da medicina na monarquia espanhola trouxe mudanças na gestão do cuidado de hospital para o ponto do a suplantación da trabalho feminino, exercitado nos hospitais de mulheres pelos médicos em medicina

A ativa participação das Mães Maiores do hospital do Santo Cristo das Dores (Poço Santo) baixo a administracion de la Hermandad da Misericordia de Sevilla

La madre mayor del hospital beaterio del Pozo Santo cumplió un papel trascendental en el mantenimiento de aquella institución. Incluso rebaso sus funciones, planteando, sugiriendo y realizando propuestas incluso sin el permiso de su patronato, la Hermandad de la Misericordia, que dirigía la Casa Pía de análogo nombre. La libre intromisión de la madre mayor en la gestión del Pozo Santo muchas veces permitida por la Misericordia provocó por el obispado el primer problema de consideración que género el despido de la madre mayor Feliciana de Santa Teresa y del capellán del Pozo Santo a pedido del provisor que acató la hermanad de la Misericordia en 1737. Sin embargo, al poco tiempo del incidente, la misma madre mayor propuesta por el provisor volvió a asumir su papel de liderazgo absolutamente necesario para el mantenimiento del beaterio y que la hermandad de la Misericordia entendía y aceptaba.The major mother of the Holy Well hospital-sanctorum fulfilled a transcendental paper in the maintenance of that institution. Even exceeded its functions, proposing, suggesting and making proposals even without the permission of his patronage that was the Brotherhood of the Mercy that was directing the Pious House of analogous name. The free interference of the major mother in the management of Holly Well often allowed by the Mercy provoked for the bishopric the first problem of consideration as the dismissal of the major mother Feliciana of Holy Teresa and chaplain at the request of vicar the Brotherhood of Mercy obeyed in 1737. However, soon after the incident, the same major mother proposed by the vicar resumed her leadership role absolutely necessary to maintain the Pozo Santo and the brotherhood of Mercy understood and accepted.A mãe maior do hospital beaterio do Poço Santo cumpriu um papel trascendental na manutenção daquela instituição. Inclusive rebaso suas funções, propondo, sugerindo e realizando propostas inclusive sem a permissão de sua patronato, a Hermandad da Misericordia, que dirigia a Casa Pía de análogo nome. A livre intromisión da mãe maior na gestão do Poço Santo muitas vezes permitida pela Misericordia provocou pelo obispado o primeiro problema de consideração que género o despedimento da mãe maior Feliciana de Santa Teresa e do capellán do Poço Santo a pedido do provisor que acatou a fraternizem da Misericordia em 1737. No entanto, ao pouco tempo do incidente, a mesma mãe maior proposta pelo provisor voltou a assumir seu papel de liderança absolutamente necessária para a manutenção do beaterio e que a hermandad da Misericordia entendia e aceitava

Unraveling deformation mechanisms around FCC and BCC nanocontacts through slip trace and pileup topography analyses

Nanocontact loadings offer the potential to investigate crystal plasticity from surface slip trace emissions and distinct pileup patterns where individual atomic terraces arrange into hillocks and symmetric rosettes. Our MD simulations in FCC Cu and Al nanocontacts show development of specific dislocation interception, cross-slip and twin annihilation mechanisms producing traces along characteristic and directions. Although planar slip is stabilized through subsurface dislocation interactions, highly serrated slip traces always predominate in Al due to the advent of cross-slip of the surfaced population of screw dislocations, leading to intricate hillock morphologies. We show that the distinct wavy hillocks and terraces in BCC Ta and Fe nanocontacts are due to dislocation double-kinking and outward spreading of surfaced screw segments, which originate from dislocation loops induced by twin annihilation and twin-mediated nucleation processes in the subsurface. Increasing temperature favors terrace formation in BCCs whereas the enhancement of surface decorations in FCCs limits hillock definition. It is found that material bulging against the indenter-tip is a distinctive feature in nanocontact plasticity associated with intermittent defect bursts. Bulging is enhanced by recurrent slip traces introduced throughout the contact surface, as in the case of the strongly linear defect networks in FCC Al, and by specific twin arrangements at the vicinity of BCC nanocontacts. Defect patterning also produces surface depressions in the form of vertexes around FCC nanoimprints. While the rosette morphologies are consistent with those assessed experimentally in greater FCC and BCC imprints, local bulging promoted during tip removal becomes more prominent at the nanoscale.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

The Grand Tour: characteristics of a decimonous trip by Europe, according to the memories of a young peruvian in 1859

Las personas que escribieron libros y diarios de viajes modernos y contemporáneos proceden de diferentes profesiones y tuvieron diferentes motivos para hacerlo: por placer, turismo, curiosidad, comercio, religión, entre otros. El presente artículo trata de la visión de un adolescente en su viaje de iniciación a la adultez, que realizó durante la primera fase de un gran viaje que duró cinco años desde 1859 a 1863. Este joven era culto, amante de las buenas letras, de la poesía, fiel reflejo de la época que le toco vivir: el Romanticismo. Me refiero al insigne poeta, filólogo y escritor Pedro Paz Soldán y Unanue, quien emprendió a los 19 años un viaje transatlántico del que analizarnos sólo el primer año, es decir 1859.The people who wrote modern and contemporary travel books and journals came from different professions and had different reasons to do so for pleasure, tourism, curiosity, commerce, religion, among others. This article deals with the vision of an adolescent on his journey of initiation into adulthood, which he performed during the first phase of a great journey that lasted five years from 1859 to 1863. This young man was a cult, a lover of good lyrics, the poetry, faithful reflection of the time that he lived: Romanticism. I am referring to the outstanding poet, philologist and writer Pedro Paz Soldán y Unanue, who undertook at the age of 19 a transatlantic trip from which we analyze only the first year, that is 1859

The role of Seville hospitals as havens for single women during the Castilian Ancient Regime at the examples of the hospitals of Five Wounds and St. Ermengild

En el Antiguo Régimen castellano, algunas mujeres jóvenes migraban para conseguir trabajo, sustento y una dote para poder casarse. Esta práctica de migración femenina de los pueblos a las capitales era bastante común. El presente artículo trata sobre esta costumbre que se practicó durante más de tres siglos por mujeres jóvenes que migraban de los pueblos colindantes a la ciudad de Sevilla y de lugares más alejados a los hospitales sevillanos, en especial al hospital de las Cinco Llagas desde 1587 hasta 1808 cuando la invasión francesa y la Guerra de la Independencia provocaron la desaparición de las doncellas de dote en este y otros hospitales sevillanos.In the old Castilian regime, some young women migrated to find work, livelihood and a dowry to marry. The practice of female migration from the villages to the capital was quite common. This article discusses the custom practiced for over three centuries by young women who came from the surrounding villages and far away places to the city of Seville by the example of the hospitals of the Five Wounds and St. Ermengild. The reference period covers the years from 1587 to1808 when the French invasion and the War of Independence put an end to this system at these and other hospitals in Seville

The "Miasmal" Climate of Lima according to some Perceptions of Authorities, Doctors and Travelers during the XVITH to XIXTH Century

Los comisionados de Pizarro eligieron el valle del Rímac porque lo consideraron un lugar sano y airoso con muy buenas salidas al mar con tierras para labrar, abundancia de leña y mano de obra indígena. Sin embargo, con el tiempo, Lima se fue ganando fama de tener un clima insalubre, al considerarse malsana la combinación de excesiva humedad y calor que descompondría la materia más fácilmente. Pronto se percataron que esta combinación no era buena y tildaron su clima de malsana y miasmática. Los muladares, basura, acequias, desagües infestaban el aire con sus dañinos efluvios que desencadenarían enfermedades y pestes. Durante toda la colonia (1535-1821), la idea que el miasma y el húmedo clima limeño intensificaban la generación de pestes fue sostenida y avalada por médicos, autoridades y difundida por estudiosos y viajeros que vivieron y pasaron por la ciudad.Pizarro commissioners chosed the Rímac valley because it was considered a healthy and airy place with good lands to farm, plenty of firewood and Indian labor, besides near to the sea. However, over time, Lima was gaining a reputation for having an unhealthy climate. The combination of moisture and heat easily decompose matter and was considered unhealthy. Soon realized that this combination was not good and gain a fame of unhealthy climate and with miasma. The “muladares”, rubbish, ditches, drains infested the air with unhealthy effluvia that were thought created diseases and pests. Throughout the colony(1535-1821), the idea that the miasma and the wet weather increased the generation of pests were sustained and supported by doctors and disseminated by scholars and travelers who lived or passed through the city

O encerramento feminino do Hospital das Cinco Chagas de Sevilla no Antigo Regime

El Hospital de las Cinco Llagas de Sevilla se creó para atender a enfermas pobres y a causa de la separación de los sexos se formó una enfermería femenina para el cuidado de estas mujeres. Las madres y doncellas de dote trabajaron en la llamada clausura femenina del Hospital de la Sangre durante más de tres siglos. De esta manera, este artículo estudia el tratamiento que se dio a las enfermerías femeninas de este hospital como si fuesen monasterios en reclusión, completamente separadas del resto del hospital y con acceso restringido a los varones fuesen legos o religiosos, con un torno y puerta de entrada al área de clausura femenina.The Hospital of the Five Wounds of the city of Seville was found to attend the poor patients and because of the separation of sexes was created a women’s infirmary to take care to those women. The “mothers” and “daughters” worked in the called women’s enclosure of the Hospital of the Five Wounds during more than three centuries. In this manner, this article studies about the treatment that was given to the feminine infirmaries of this hospital as if they were monasteries, completely separated from the rest of the hospital and with access restricted to the religious and laymen.O Hospital das Cinco Chagas de Sevilla foi criado para servir os doentes pobres e por causa da separação dos sexos foi formada uma enfermaria feminina para o cuidado destas mulheres. Mães e filhas de dote, trabalhado no fechamento feminino chamado “Hospital de la Sangre” por mais de três séculos. Assim, este artigo analisa o tratamento dado para a fêmea de enfermagem deste hospital, como se fossem mosteiros em reclusão, completamente separada do resto do hospital e com acesso restringido para os machos foram leigos ou religiosos, com um torno e a porta de entrada para a área de fechamento feminino

Work and Thermal Fluctuations in Crystal Indentation under Deterministic and Stochastic Thermostats: The Role of System–Bath Coupling

The Jarzynski equality (JE) was originally derived under the deterministic Hamiltonian formalism, and later, it was demonstrated that stochastic Langevin dynamics also lead to the JE. However, the JE has been verified mainly in small, low-dimensional systems described by Langevin dynamics. Although the two theoretical derivations apparently lead to the same expression, we illustrate that they describe fundamentally different experimental conditions. While the Hamiltonian framework assumes that the thermal bath producing the initial canonical equilibrium switches off for the duration of the work process, the Langevin bath effectively acts on the system. Moreover, the former considers an environment with which the system may interact, whereas the latter does not. In this study, we investigate the effect of the bath on the measurable quantity of the JE through molecular dynamics simulations of crystal nanoindentation employing deterministic and stochastic thermostats. Our analysis shows that the distributions of the kinetic energy and the mechanical work produced during the indentation processes are affected by the interaction between the system and the thermostat baths. As a result, the type of thermostatting has also a clear effect on the left-hand side of the JE, which enables the estimation of the free-energy difference characterizing the process

European Merger Control: Is there an actual enhancement of efficiency considerations under the current common regulatory framework?

Las autoridades de competencia llevan a cabo procedimientos de control de fusiones para prevenir efectos nocivos de la concentración de mercado en la competencia. Sin embargo, deben considerar las situaciones en que la fusión de empresas no necesariamente generará una afectación sobre el bienestar, como ocurre en los casos en que produce una “ganancia en eficiencia” debido a la fusión. En esa línea, la Comisión Europea (autoridad de control de fusiones en Europa) estableció en 2004 reglas y procedimientos que permiten considerar las ganancias en eficiencia para el análisis de la autoridad. Bajo este contexto, este estudio evaluó si el análisis de ganancia en eficiencia influenció o no en el proceso de decisión de la autoridad. Aplicando una estimación del tipo logit, no se encontró evidencia suficiente que indique que las consideraciones de eficiencia tienen impacto en las decisiones de la autoridad, ni tampoco interacciones significativas entre las consideraciones de eficiencia con otros factores. Frente a estos resultados, cabe reflexionar sobre las dificultades de probar y verificar alegaciones de ganancia en eficiencia, pues en la práctica tales alegaciones no tendrían mayor incidencia en el proceso de decisión de la autoridad.This document attempts to reveal how the Commission have been applying the new concerns of the ECMR 2004; specifically, the influence of efficiency gains on the Commission assessment, either as an independent factor or as a factor that offsets the importance of other factors. The theoretical and the statutory perspective make us previously expect a significant influence of efficiency consideration on the decision process, but such expectations should be assessed. For this purpose, the document is organized as follows. Section 1 explains the main issues of the economic theory with respect to the effects of merger on welfare. Section 2 describes the evolution of the European common regulatory merger framework. Section 3 refers the quantitative methodology used to reach our aim. Section 4 is devoted to present and to analyze the outcome of our quantitative approach. Finally conclusive section is drawn.Francia. Región Nord Pas de Calais. Beca BLÉRIO