Intimate partner violence among South-Asian women : A scoping review of understanding and safeguards in modern marriages

Abstract Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined as a physical, sexual, or psychological form of violence by a male partner and is the most predominant form of violence against women globally. Violence always causes mental, physical, and emotional issues, causing substantial global public health concerns. Quantitative and qualitative studies were used for the review. A total of 163 research papers were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, and Embase databases, and 14 papers were selected as relevant for the review. Among 14 studies, 12 were published in India, one from Pakistan, and one from Nepal. We found that IPV is highly prevalent with substance abuse, dowry system, male dominance, and spousal coercion leading to severe health problems. Utilising Intra Uterine devices (IUDs) as contraceptives, economic and electronic media empowerment, help-seeking behaviour as well as using the healthcare system enables safeguarding women from IPV

Superconductivity in a new hexagonal high entropy alloy

High entropy alloys (HEAs) are the new class of materials with an attractive combination of tunable mechanical and physicochemical properties. They crystallize mainly in cubic structures, however, for practical applications, HEAs with hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure are highly desirable in connection to their in general high hardness. Herein, we report the synthesis, structure and detailed superconducting properties of Re$_{0.56}$Nb$_{0.11}$Ti$_{0.11}$Zr$_{0.11}$Hf$_{0.11}$-the first hexagonal superconducting high entropy alloy (HEA) composed of five randomly distributed transition-metals. Combination of room temperature precession electron diffraction, precession electron diffraction tomography and powder X-ray diffraction is utilized to determine the room temperature crystal structure. Transport, magnetic and heat capacity measurements show that the material is a type-II superconductor with the bulk superconducting transition at $T_{c}$ = 4.4 K, lower critical field $H_{c1}$(0) = 2.3 mT and upper critical field $H_{c2}$(0) = 3.6 T. Low-temperature specific heat measurement indicates that Re$_{0.56}$Nb$_{0.11}$Ti$_{0.11}$Zr$_{0.11}$Hf$_{0.11}$ is a phonon-mediated superconductor in the weak electron-phonon coupling limit with a normalized specific heat jump $\frac{\Delta C_{el}}{\gamma_{n}T_{c}}$ = 1.32. Further, hexagonal to cubic structural transition is observed by lowering the valence electron counts and $T_{c}$ follows crystalline-like behaviour.Comment: 6 Pages, 9 Figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1804.1009

Exploring UK Knife crime and its associated factors: A content analysis of online newspapers

Knife crime has become a common phrase used by the media, but it is not always clear what it refers to or what they mean when they use the term. Knife crime can cover many offences, making it challenging to define and estimate its prevalence. This review aimed to evaluate potential knife crimes in the UK from 2011 to 2021 and analyse the causes and risk factors associated with the crimes. Six UK online news portals were purposefully chosen to be included in the study, and knife crime news was searched retrospectively. The term "knife crime" was used to search. The news portals were the: Metro, the Sun, the Guardian, Daily Mail, Daily Mirror and the Evening Standard. In the assigned news portals, 692 reports were found between January 2011 and December 2021. The study revealed that the 11-20 years of age group individuals are more vulnerable as victims, and males are more reported as victims when compared to females. About 61.8% of knife crimes are reported from South England. Knife crime risk is higher in early adulthood and among males. Street violence, fights/gang attacks, family issues and robbery are the leading causes of knife crime and have all been identified as risk factors that must be addressed with caution

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

NMR, EPR, SQUID magnetometry, XRD & Neutron Diffraction : combination of characteristic complementary time and spatial scale measurement analysis − Application to Sr2B'B"O6 double perovskites

Les doubles pérovskites de formulation A2B'B"O6 ont suscité un fort intérêt au regard du très grand nombre de composition chimique susceptible d’être stabilisées et donc au très grand nombre de propriétés chimique et/ou physique qui peuvent ainsi être observées. Parmi les différents modèles d'ordre des cations B' & B", l'ordre du type « NaCl » est le plus répandu pour des raisons de stabilisation électrostatique. Les octaèdres B' & B" sont alors disposés comme dans un motif en damier. Des compositions obtenues en combinant uniquement du Sr2+ sur le site A et un ordre B' & B" des cations insérés sur le site B sont au centre de cette thèse.Dans une première partie, une voie de synthèse simple et économique par la méthode de sel fondu a été réalisée pour stabiliser des oxydes réfractaires de composition Sr2CoxGa1-xNbO6. Un grand nombre de paramètres liés à la méthode a été étudié pour stabiliser des pérovskites ordonnées pour des teneurs en cobalt x allant de 0,02 à 0,2. En s’appuyant sur des expériences de diffraction des rayons X sur poudre, de diffraction électronique, de spectroscopie UV-visible-NIR, de résonance paramagnétique électronique et de résonance magnétique nucléaire, une distribution des atomes de Co3+ dans la structure est proposé. L’impact de la synthèse sur la structure électronique du Co3+ est aussi surligné. Puis, une étude des effets de traitement thermique a été réalisée sur une doublepérovskite de composition Sr2Co0.02Ga0.98NbO6. Les structures cristallines et les propriétés optiques des oxydes réfractaires Sr2CoxGa1-xNbO6 (x=0 et 0,02) ont été étudiées en utilisant respectivement, la diffraction des rayons X sur poudre, la résonance magnétique nucléaire à angle magique 93Nb, 71Ga et 59Co, la résonance paramagnétique électronique et l'UV-vis-NIR techniques de spectroscopie d'absorption. La combinaison des différentes analyses spectroscopiques et cristallines suggère un état de spin mixte inhabituel pour le Co3+ à température ambiante dans la double pérovskite Sr2Co0.02Ga0.98NbO6 qui s’avère être intéressant pour la stabilisation de pigments inorganiques bruns et/ou pour l’étude de leurs propriétés photo catalytiques qu’il reste à mettre en oeuvre.Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, une étude structurale à l’aide de la diffraction des rayons X sur monocristal et de la diffraction des neutrons sur poudre dépendante de la température de pérovskites doubles ordonnées de composition Sr2CrNbO6 a été réalisée. Les études des propriétés magnétiques suggèrent un comportement type « verre de spin » à très basse température mais de type « dimère » à des températures intermédiaires en combinant des analyses de spectroscopie de résonance paramagnétique électronique de susceptibilité magnétique AC (dépendant de la fréquence) et DC (dépendant de la température et du champ) ainsi que des mesures de capacité thermique spécifique.Due to the large capacity of accommodating different ions at the B-site which helps in tuning dedicated properties, the double perovskite with formula A2B’B”O6 have attracted much research interest. Out of the different patterns of cation ordering of B’ & B”, the so-called rock-salt ordering is prevalent due to electrostatic reasons leading to a checkerboard pattern. Both Sr2+ at the perovskite A-site and rock-salt ordered between the B’ & B” is the focus of this thesis. As the choice of B’ & B” leads to many interesting electronic and magnetic properties, there were two parts of thesis work carried out: (1) investigating different spin states of Co3+ after refining the heat treatment parameters of flux (molten-salt) synthesized Sr2CoxGa1-xNbO6 (x = 0.02 to 0.2) double perovskites, (2) investigating structural and magnetic properties of Sr2CrNbO6 double perovskite.In the first part of this thesis work, a simple and cost-effective salt synthesis route toward refractory oxides of composition Sr2CoxGa1-xNbO6 has been carried out. Herein, we reported on the refinement of the set of parameters related to heat treatment to stabilize the ordered perovskite for cobalt content, x ranging from 0.02 to 0.2. The parameters studied were the type of flux, the dwell temperature, the dwell time and the cooling rate for a given cobalt precursor. Our study relied on powder X-ray diffraction, Electron Diffraction, UV-visible-NIR, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Nuclear Magnetic Resonanceexperiments allow us to better understand the room temperature electronic structure. Thereafter, a study on the effect of annealing was carried out on Sr2Co0.02Ga0.98NbO6 double perovskite, additionally by underlining the Co substitution effect in Sr2GaNbO6 using an undoped sample. The structural and optical properties of the refractory oxides Sr2CoxGa1-xNbO6 (x=0 and 0.02) were investigated using X-ray powder diffraction, 93Nb, 71Ga and 59Co Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopic techniques. Combined spectroscopic studies along with a statistical calculation for the structure determination further supported by UV-vis-NIR absorption analysis indicated an unusual mixed spin-state of Co3+ at room temperature in the Sr2Co0.02Ga0.98NbO6 double perovskite that might be of interest for pale brown inorganic pigments.In the second part of this thesis, a detailed structural and magnetic study on ordered Sr2CrNbO6 double perovskite were carried out. A spin glass behaviour is shown at low temperatures and valence bond glass at intermediate temperatures is reported using various characterization tools like room temperature powder & temperature dependent single crystal X-ray Diffraction, temperature dependent powder Neutron Diffraction, temperature dependent Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy, AC (frequency dependent) & DC (temperature and field dependent) susceptibility

NMR, EPR, SQUID magnetometry, XRD & Neutron Diffraction : combination of characteristic complementary time and spatial scale measurement analysis − Application to Sr2B'B"O6 double perovskites

Les doubles pérovskites de formulation A2B'B"O6 ont suscité un fort intérêt au regard du très grand nombre de composition chimique susceptible d’être stabilisées et donc au très grand nombre de propriétés chimique et/ou physique qui peuvent ainsi être observées. Parmi les différents modèles d'ordre des cations B' & B", l'ordre du type « NaCl » est le plus répandu pour des raisons de stabilisation électrostatique. Les octaèdres B' & B" sont alors disposés comme dans un motif en damier. Des compositions obtenues en combinant uniquement du Sr2+ sur le site A et un ordre B' & B" des cations insérés sur le site B sont au centre de cette thèse.Dans une première partie, une voie de synthèse simple et économique par la méthode de sel fondu a été réalisée pour stabiliser des oxydes réfractaires de composition Sr2CoxGa1-xNbO6. Un grand nombre de paramètres liés à la méthode a été étudié pour stabiliser des pérovskites ordonnées pour des teneurs en cobalt x allant de 0,02 à 0,2. En s’appuyant sur des expériences de diffraction des rayons X sur poudre, de diffraction électronique, de spectroscopie UV-visible-NIR, de résonance paramagnétique électronique et de résonance magnétique nucléaire, une distribution des atomes de Co3+ dans la structure est proposé. L’impact de la synthèse sur la structure électronique du Co3+ est aussi surligné. Puis, une étude des effets de traitement thermique a été réalisée sur une doublepérovskite de composition Sr2Co0.02Ga0.98NbO6. Les structures cristallines et les propriétés optiques des oxydes réfractaires Sr2CoxGa1-xNbO6 (x=0 et 0,02) ont été étudiées en utilisant respectivement, la diffraction des rayons X sur poudre, la résonance magnétique nucléaire à angle magique 93Nb, 71Ga et 59Co, la résonance paramagnétique électronique et l'UV-vis-NIR techniques de spectroscopie d'absorption. La combinaison des différentes analyses spectroscopiques et cristallines suggère un état de spin mixte inhabituel pour le Co3+ à température ambiante dans la double pérovskite Sr2Co0.02Ga0.98NbO6 qui s’avère être intéressant pour la stabilisation de pigments inorganiques bruns et/ou pour l’étude de leurs propriétés photo catalytiques qu’il reste à mettre en oeuvre.Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, une étude structurale à l’aide de la diffraction des rayons X sur monocristal et de la diffraction des neutrons sur poudre dépendante de la température de pérovskites doubles ordonnées de composition Sr2CrNbO6 a été réalisée. Les études des propriétés magnétiques suggèrent un comportement type « verre de spin » à très basse température mais de type « dimère » à des températures intermédiaires en combinant des analyses de spectroscopie de résonance paramagnétique électronique de susceptibilité magnétique AC (dépendant de la fréquence) et DC (dépendant de la température et du champ) ainsi que des mesures de capacité thermique spécifique.Due to the large capacity of accommodating different ions at the B-site which helps in tuning dedicated properties, the double perovskite with formula A2B’B”O6 have attracted much research interest. Out of the different patterns of cation ordering of B’ & B”, the so-called rock-salt ordering is prevalent due to electrostatic reasons leading to a checkerboard pattern. Both Sr2+ at the perovskite A-site and rock-salt ordered between the B’ & B” is the focus of this thesis. As the choice of B’ & B” leads to many interesting electronic and magnetic properties, there were two parts of thesis work carried out: (1) investigating different spin states of Co3+ after refining the heat treatment parameters of flux (molten-salt) synthesized Sr2CoxGa1-xNbO6 (x = 0.02 to 0.2) double perovskites, (2) investigating structural and magnetic properties of Sr2CrNbO6 double perovskite.In the first part of this thesis work, a simple and cost-effective salt synthesis route toward refractory oxides of composition Sr2CoxGa1-xNbO6 has been carried out. Herein, we reported on the refinement of the set of parameters related to heat treatment to stabilize the ordered perovskite for cobalt content, x ranging from 0.02 to 0.2. The parameters studied were the type of flux, the dwell temperature, the dwell time and the cooling rate for a given cobalt precursor. Our study relied on powder X-ray diffraction, Electron Diffraction, UV-visible-NIR, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Nuclear Magnetic Resonanceexperiments allow us to better understand the room temperature electronic structure. Thereafter, a study on the effect of annealing was carried out on Sr2Co0.02Ga0.98NbO6 double perovskite, additionally by underlining the Co substitution effect in Sr2GaNbO6 using an undoped sample. The structural and optical properties of the refractory oxides Sr2CoxGa1-xNbO6 (x=0 and 0.02) were investigated using X-ray powder diffraction, 93Nb, 71Ga and 59Co Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopic techniques. Combined spectroscopic studies along with a statistical calculation for the structure determination further supported by UV-vis-NIR absorption analysis indicated an unusual mixed spin-state of Co3+ at room temperature in the Sr2Co0.02Ga0.98NbO6 double perovskite that might be of interest for pale brown inorganic pigments.In the second part of this thesis, a detailed structural and magnetic study on ordered Sr2CrNbO6 double perovskite were carried out. A spin glass behaviour is shown at low temperatures and valence bond glass at intermediate temperatures is reported using various characterization tools like room temperature powder & temperature dependent single crystal X-ray Diffraction, temperature dependent powder Neutron Diffraction, temperature dependent Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy, AC (frequency dependent) & DC (temperature and field dependent) susceptibility

Molten salt flux synthesis of cobalt doped refractory double perovskite Sr 2CoxGa1-xNbO6: A spectroscopic investigation for multifunctional materials

International audienceA simple and cost-effective salt synthesis route toward refractory oxides of composition Sr 2 Ga 1-x Co x NbO 6 has been carried out. Herein, we report on the refinement of the set of parameters related to heat treatment to stabilize the ordered perovskite for cobalt content, x, ranging from 0.02 to 0.2. The parameters studied were the nature of the flux, the dwell temperature, the dwell time and the cooling rate for a given cobalt precursor. Our study relied on powder X-ray diffraction, UV-visiblenear IR (UV-vis-NIR), Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments allowing us to better understand the room temperature electronic structure. The tuning of energy gap with the cobalt content, mixed spin state Co 3+ (Low Spin + Intermediate/High Spin) at room temperature and the brown shades of these materials render them the multifunctionality

Room-temperature mixed spin state of Co3+ in Sr2Co0.02Ga0.98NbO6 double perovskite: combined NMR and EPR studies in a potential inorganic pigment

The structural and optical properties of the refractory oxides Sr2CoxGa1–xNbO6 (x = 0 and 0.02) were investigated using powder X-ray diffraction; 93Nb, 71Ga, and 59Co magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance; electron spin resonance; and UV–vis–NIR absorption. A flux using SrCl2 versus a ball milling strategy to stabilize rock salt-ordered Sr2CoxGa1–xNbO6 (x = 0 and 0.02) at low temperature was underlined. Sr2Co0.02Ga0.98NbO6 showed a tetragonal I4/m crystalline structure with a slight lattice distortion index in the range of 0.04. Combined spectroscopic studies, further supported by UV–vis–NIR absorption analysis, definitively indicate an unusual mixed spin state of Co3+ at room temperature in the Sr2Co0.02Ga0.98NbO6 double perovskite that might be of interest for pale-brown inorganic pigments

Superconductivity in a new hexagonal high-entropy alloy

International audienceHigh-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a new class of materials with an attractive combination of tunable mechanical and physicochemical properties. They crystallize mainly in cubic structures, however, for practical applications, HEAs with hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) structure are highly desirable in connection with their, in general, high hardness. Herein, we report the synthesis, structure, and detailed superconducting properties of Re0.56Nb0.11Ti0.11Zr0.11Hf0.11—the first hexagonal superconducting HEA composed of five randomly distributed transition metals. A combination of room-temperature precession electron diffraction, precession electron diffraction tomography, and powder x-ray diffraction is utilized to determine the room-temperature crystal structure. Transport, magnetic, and heat capacity measurements show that the material is a type-II superconductor with the bulk superconducting transition at Tc=4.4 K, lower critical field Hc1(0)=2.3 mT, and upper critical field Hc2(0)=3.6 T. Low-temperature specific-heat measurement indicates that Re0.56Nb0.11Ti0.11Zr0.11Hf0.11 is a phonon-mediated superconductor in the weak electron-phonon coupling limit with a normalized specific-heat jump ΔCelγnTc=1.32. Further, hexagonal to cubic structural transition is observed by lowering the valence electron counts and Tc follows crystallinelike behavior