The fall of civil man: Ancient Mexicans and Peruvians in William Robertson’s History of America

De acordo com o expoente historiador escocês do Século das Luzes William Robertson em History of America, o estancamento das artes primárias e o débil e violento caráter selvagem se relacionavam ao incipiente estado de coesão social no Novo Mundo. Mas, devido ao ingrediente das instituições supersticiosas sob controle de líderes sagazes, formas originais de organização política despontaram em horizontes sombrios para conter o selvagem e torná-lo obediente ao trabalho sob técnicas primitivas e defectivas. Nessas situações, a regra da liderança indígena seria o terror, no caso do governo de Motecuzoma no México, ou a cega submissão aos incas, no Peru. Os brotos de progresso da América indígena aparecem como cancros de um mundo estagnado que havia sido destruído na conquista espanhola. Se o jesuíta José de Acosta foi uma das principais contribuições para a “queda do homem natural” na época renascentista, o presbiteriano Robertson produziu no Iluminismo a grande história da “queda do homem civil” da América. Ambos os influentes escritores, cada um no seu tempo, contemplaram limites e impasses para os mexicanos e peruanos chegarem à plenitude da vida civil. Robertson, por sua vez, foi influenciado diretamente pelas perspectivas escocesas do progresso por estágios sociais e materiais, assim como pela noção de história providencial. Na History of America, os propalados impérios dos mexicanos e peruanos imantados ao mundo selvagem comportam desvios peculiares e estranhos ao correto progresso das nações.Palavras-chave: mundo selvagem no Iluminismo, os impérios dos mexicanos e peruanos, William Robertson.According to the prominent Scottish historian of the Enlightenment William Robertson in his History of America, the stagnation of primary arts and the feeble and violent savage character of the natives were related to the incipient state of social cohesion in the New World. But due to the addition of superstitious institutions under the control of sagacious leaders, original forms of political organization emerged on dark horizons to contain the savage and make them obedient to working under primitive and defective techniques. In this context, terror would be the rule, as seen in the case of Motecuzoma’s government in Mexico or the blind submission to the Incas in Peru. The shoots of progress of indigenous America appear to be the cancers of the stagnant world that had been destroyed during the Spanish conquest. If the Jesuit José de Acosta was one of the main contributors to the “fall of natural man” in the Renaissance era, the Presbyterian Robertson produced in the Enlightenment the great story of the “fall of civil man” in the Americas. Both influential writers, each in his own time, considered limits and impasses for Mexicans and Peruvians in reaching the fullness of civil life. Robertson, specifically, was directly influenced by Scottish views on progress through social and material stages, as well as the notion of providential history. In History of America, the much-vaunted Mexican and Peruvian empires linked to the savage world peculiarly and strangely turned away from the correct progress of nations.Keywords: savage world in the Enlightenment, Mexican and Peruvian empires, William Robertson

A peste (da servidão) no índio fraco. O colapso demográfico do México em pareceres médico-filosóficos de facções clericais (século XVI)

Em peculiar filosofia natural e saber médico de expressão e difusão clerical, as pestes e mortandades foram vinculadas ao regime de trabalho forçado de um índio delicado e debilitado. Se essa condição física surgiu pelas circunstâncias da dominação estrangeira, também se pensava numa natureza frágil ancestral. A alegoria de Motolinia das dez pragas da Nova Espanha, um tratado filosófico de Las Casas, e o ambiente acadêmico mexicano constituíram bases literárias e conceituais para os pareceres do terceiro concílio mexicano, do Consejo de Indias e da crônica de Mendieta. Concluo com algumas respostas dos indígenas ao ditame de sua fraqueza fatal. No campo da história das ideias e conhecimentos, reavalio sentidos da queda do índio por autores como Anthony Pagden e Jorge Cañizares Esguerra, bem como reviso a trama do ameríndio indefeso perante a conquista colonial e biológica

A peste (da servidão) no índio fraco. O colapso demográfico do México em pareceres médico-filosóficos de facções clericais (século XVI)

Em peculiar filosofia natural e saber médico de expressão e difusão clerical, as pestes e mortandades foram vinculadas ao regime de trabalho forçado de um índio delicado e debilitado. Se essa condição física surgiu pelas circunstâncias da dominação estrangeira, também se pensava numa natureza frágil ancestral. A alegoria de Motolinia das dez pragas da Nova Espanha, um tratado filosófico de Las Casas, e o ambiente acadêmico mexicano constituíram bases literárias e conceituais para os pareceres do terceiro concílio mexicano, do Consejo de Indias e da crônica de Mendieta. Concluo com algumas respostas dos indígenas ao ditame de sua fraqueza fatal. No campo da história das ideias e conhecimentos, reavalio sentidos da queda do índio por autores como Anthony Pagden e Jorge Cañizares Esguerra, bem como reviso a trama do ameríndio indefeso perante a conquista colonial e biológica.In a peculiar natural philosophy and medical knowledge of clerical expression and diffusion, plagues and deaths were linked to the regime of forced labor and the miserable life condition of a delicate and weakened Indian. If this physical condition arose from the circumstances of foreign domination, there were also thoughts about an ancestral fragile nature. Motolinia’s allegory of the ten plagues of New Spain, a philosophical treatise of Las Casas, and the Mexican academic environment, are literary and conceptual bases of the opinions of the third council, the Consejo de Indias and the chronicle of Mendieta. I conclude with some indigenous responses to their portrayed fatal weakness. In the field of the history of ideas and knowledge, I reassess the fall of the Indian from authors such as Pagden and Cañizares Esguerra, and review the narrative of the defenseless Amerindian in face of the colonial and biological conquest

A queda do homem civil: os antigos mexicanos e peruanos na History of America de William Robertson

According to the prominent Scottish historian of the Enlightenment William Robertson in his History of America, the stagnation of primary arts and the feeble and violent savage character of the natives were related to the incipient state of social cohesion in the New World. But due to the addition of superstitious institutions under the control of sagacious leaders, original forms of political organization emerged on dark horizons to contain the savage and make them obedient to working under primitive and defective techniques. In this context, terror would be the rule, as seen in the case of Motecuzoma’s government in Mexico or the blind submission to the Incas in Peru. The shoots of progress of indigenous America appear to be the cancers of the stagnant world that had been destroyed during the Spanish conquest. If the Jesuit José de Acosta was one of the main contributors to the “fall of natural man” in the Renaissance era, the Presbyterian Robertson produced in the Enlightenment the great story of the “fall of civil man” in the Americas. Both influential writers, each in his own time, considered limits and impasses for Mexicans and Peruvians in reaching the fullness of civil life. Robertson, specifically, was directly influenced by Scottish views on progress through social and material stages, as well as the notion of providential history. In History of America, the much-vaunted Mexican and Peruvian empires linked to the savage world peculiarly and strangely turned away from the correct progress of nations.Keywords: savage world in the Enlightenment, Mexican and Peruvian empires, William Robertson.De acordo com o expoente historiador escocês do Século das Luzes William Robertson em History of America, o estancamento das artes primárias e o débil e violento caráter selvagem se relacionavam ao incipiente estado de coesão social no Novo Mundo. Mas, devido ao ingrediente das instituições supersticiosas sob controle de líderes sagazes, formas originais de organização política despontaram em horizontes sombrios para conter o selvagem e torná-lo obediente ao trabalho sob técnicas primitivas e defectivas. Nessas situações, a regra da liderança indígena seria o terror, no caso do governo de Motecuzoma no México, ou a cega submissão aos incas, no Peru. Os brotos de progresso da América indígena aparecem como cancros de um mundo estagnado que havia sido destruído na conquista espanhola. Se o jesuíta José de Acosta foi uma das principais contribuições para a “queda do homem natural” na época renascentista, o presbiteriano Robertson produziu no Iluminismo a grande história da “queda do homem civil” da América. Ambos os influentes escritores, cada um no seu tempo, contemplaram limites e impasses para os mexicanos e peruanos chegarem à plenitude da vida civil. Robertson, por sua vez, foi influenciado diretamente pelas perspectivas escocesas do progresso por estágios sociais e materiais, assim como pela noção de história providencial. Na History of America, os propalados impérios dos mexicanos e peruanos imantados ao mundo selvagem comportam desvios peculiares e estranhos ao correto progresso das nações.Palavras-chave: mundo selvagem no Iluminismo, os impérios dos mexicanos e peruanos, William Robertson

Daily Faecal Excretion of Alkane \u3cem\u3eC\u3csub\u3e32\u3c/sub\u3e\u3c/em\u3e in Beef Cattle Females Grazing Natural Grasslands in Southern Brazil and in Uruguay

The n-alkane technique is accepted as an appropriate method to estimate herbage intake by grazing ruminants. This method reinforces issues similar to those raised by other methods based on markers such as the effect of carrier matrix or dosing method and frequency on the excretion kinetics of the dosed n-alkanes (Dove et al. 2002; Molina et al. 2004, Oliván et al. 2007). The time of dosage needed to reach the dynamical equilibrium between the concentrations of alkanes in the diet and in the faeces of ruminants is still unclear for the natural grassland environments. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate timing of oral administration of alkane C32 to estimate herbage intake in beef heifers on natural grassland environments

Morphological Acclimatation and Canopy Structure Characteristics of \u3cem\u3eArachis pintoi\u3c/em\u3e under Reduced Light and at Full Sun

The canopy structure is a key variable to determine the adaptive potential of forages and it influences the radiation use efficiency (RUE) under different light conditions. The light extinction coefficient calculated from the Beer-Lambert formula (k) shows the canopy architecture and light interception patterns of plants and thus their potential ability to convert light energy (photosynthetically active radiation-PAR) into plant biomass (Hirose 2005). Under shade, forages may experience changes in plant morphology and canopy structure. Many authors reported those changes and relate them to modifications in light quantity and quality (Varella et al. 2010). The magnitude of these morphological changes may be determinant to screen forages for shaded environments such as silvopastoral systems. The objective of this study was to determine the light interception patterns and extinction coefficients of Arachis pintoi under two artificial shading levels (50% and 80%) and in full sunlight and relate them to adaptive potential of this legume for silvopastoral systems

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

Cardiovascular Health and Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter: A Cross-Sectional Study from ELSA-Brasil.

BackgroundThe association between ideal cardiovascular health (ICVH) status and atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF) diagnosis has been less studied compared to other cardiovascular diseases.ObjectiveTo analyze the association between AFF diagnosis and ICVH metrics and scores in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).MethodsThis study analyzed data from 13,141 participants with complete data. Electrocardiographic tracings were coded according to the Minnesota Coding System, in a centralized reading center. ICVH metrics (diet, physical activity, body mass index, smoking, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol) and scores were calculated as proposed by the American Heart Association. Crude and adjusted binary logistic regression models were built to analyze the association of ICVH metrics and scores with AFF diagnosis. Significance level was set at 0.05.ResultsThe sample had a median age of 55 years and 54.4% were women. In adjusted models, ICVH scores were not significantly associated with prevalent AFF diagnosis (odds ratio [OR]:0.96; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]:0.80-1.16; p=0.70). Ideal blood pressure (OR:0.33; 95% CI:0.15-0.74; p=0.007) and total cholesterol (OR:1.88; 95% CI:1.19-2.98; p=0.007) profiles were significantly associated with AFF diagnosis.ConclusionsNo significant associations were identified between global ICVH scores and AFF diagnosis after multivariable adjustment in our analyses, at least partially due to the antagonistic associations of AFF with blood pressure and total cholesterol ICVH metrics. Our results suggest that estimating the prevention of AFF burden using global ICVH scores may not be adequate, and ICVH metrics should be considered in separate