Ann Intensive Care

Unlike for septic shock, there are no specific international recommendations regarding the management of cardiogenic shock (CS) in critically ill patients. We present herein recommendations for the management of cardiogenic shock in adults, developed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system by an expert group of the French-Language Society of Intensive Care (Société de Réanimation de Langue Française (SRLF)), with the participation the French Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care (SFAR), the French Cardiology Society (SFC), the French Emergency Medicine Society (SFMU), and the French Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (SFCTCV). The recommendations cover 15 fields of application such as: epidemiology, myocardial infarction, monitoring, vasoactive drugs, prehospital care, cardiac arrest, mechanical assistance, general treatments, cardiac surgery, poisoning, cardiogenic shock complicating end-stage cardiac failure, post-shock treatment, various etiologies, and medical care pathway. The experts highlight the fact that CS is a rare disease, the management of which requires a multidisciplinary technical platform as well as specialized and experienced medical teams. In particular, each expert center must be able to provide, at the same site, skills in a variety of disciplines, including medical and interventional cardiology, anesthesia, thoracic and vascular surgery, intensive care, cardiac assistance, radiology including for interventional vascular procedures, and a circulatory support mobile unit

Évaluation des bénéfices thérapeutiques apportés par l’hypothermie dans le traitement du choc cardiogénique sous ECMO chez l’animal

Cardiogenic shock is still considered as a severe medical condition. Despite much progress in the treatment of the cardiogenic shock, this disease is still associated with a high mortality. An important advance in the treatment of the cardiogenic shock is the use of ECMO. However, despite the restoration of a proper circulatory flow, we are still facing significant mortality in these patients. The first part of this manuscript is a reminder of the main concepts of the cardiogenic shock and ECMO and the concept of hypothermia. In the second part, we report the results of our experimental research who highlighted a beneficial effect of hypothermia in cardiac function and vascular reactivity in animals in cardiogenic shock treated by ECMO. In the third part we discuss our results and we try to rapport physiological explications of our resultsLe choc cardiogénique est une pathologie grave pouvant mettre rapidement le pronostic vital du patient en jeu. Malgré de nombreux progrès réalisés dans sa prise en charge, la mortalité liée à cette affection reste très élevée. Une des avancées importantes dans le traitement du choc cardiogénique développée ces dernières années est l’ECMO. Mais force est de constater, que malgré la restauration d’un flux circulatoire adéquat, nous restons confrontés à une mortalité élevée chez ces malades. La première partie de cette thèse est un rappel des principaux concepts du choc cardiogénique de l’ECMO ainsi qu’un rappel des effets de l’hypothermie. Nous rapportons dans la deuxième partie notre recherche expérimentale chez le cochon qui a permis de mettre en évidence un effet bénéfique de l’hypothermie sur la fonction cardiaque et sur la réactivité vasculaire chez les animaux en choc cardiogénique traités par une ECMO. Dans la troisième partie, nous discutons et analysons nos résultats en essayant d’apporter des explications physiologique

Moderate hypothermia improves cardiac and vascular function in a pig model of ischemic cardiogenic shock treated with veno arterial ECMO

Le choc cardiogénique est une pathologie grave pouvant mettre rapidement le pronostic vital du patient en jeu. Malgré de nombreux progrès réalisés dans sa prise en charge, la mortalité liée à cette affection reste très élevée. Une des avancées importantes dans le traitement du choc cardiogénique développée ces dernières années est l’ECMO. Mais force est de constater, que malgré la restauration d’un flux circulatoire adéquat, nous restons confrontés à une mortalité élevée chez ces malades. La première partie de cette thèse est un rappel des principaux concepts du choc cardiogénique de l’ECMO ainsi qu’un rappel des effets de l’hypothermie. Nous rapportons dans la deuxième partie notre recherche expérimentale chez le cochon qui a permis de mettre en évidence un effet bénéfique de l’hypothermie sur la fonction cardiaque et sur la réactivité vasculaire chez les animaux en choc cardiogénique traités par une ECMO. Dans la troisième partie, nous discutons et analysons nos résultats en essayant d’apporter des explications physiologiquesCardiogenic shock is still considered as a severe medical condition. Despite much progress in the treatment of the cardiogenic shock, this disease is still associated with a high mortality. An important advance in the treatment of the cardiogenic shock is the use of ECMO. However, despite the restoration of a proper circulatory flow, we are still facing significant mortality in these patients. The first part of this manuscript is a reminder of the main concepts of the cardiogenic shock and ECMO and the concept of hypothermia. In the second part, we report the results of our experimental research who highlighted a beneficial effect of hypothermia in cardiac function and vascular reactivity in animals in cardiogenic shock treated by ECMO. In the third part we discuss our results and we try to rapport physiological explications of our result

Prolonged prone positioning under VV-ECMO is safe and improves oxygenation and respiratory compliance

International audienceBackground Data are sparse regarding the effects of prolonged prone positioning (PP) during VV-ECMO. Previous studies, using short sessions (<12 h), failed to find any effects on respiratory system compliance. In the present analysis, the effects of prolonged PP sessions (24 h) were retrospectively studied with regard to safety data, oxygenation and respiratory system compliance. Methods Retrospective review of 17 consecutive patients who required both VV-ECMO and prone positioning. PP under VV-ECMO was considered when the patient presented at least one unsuccessful ECMO weaning attempt after day 7 or refractory hypoxemia combined or not with persistent high plateau pressure. PP sessions had a duration of 24 h with fixed ECMO and respiratory settings. PP was not performed in patients under vasopressor treatment and in cases of recent open chest cardiac surgery. Results Despite optimized protective mechanical ventilation and other adjuvant treatment (i.e. PP, inhaled nitric oxide, recruitment maneuvers), 44 patients received VV-ECMO during the study period for refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome. Global survival rate was 66 %. Among the latter, 17 patients underwent PP during VV-ECMO for a total of 27 sessions. After 24 h in prone position, PaO2/FiO2 ratio significantly increased from 111 (84–128) to 173 (120–203) mmHg (p < 0.0001) while respiratory system compliance increased from 18 (12–36) to 32 (15–36) ml/cmH2O (p < 0.0001). Twenty-four hours after the return to supine position, tidal volume was increased from 3.0 (2.2–4.0) to 3.7 (2.8–5.0) ml/kg (p < 0.005). PaO2/FiO2 ratio increased by over 20 % in 14/14 sessions for late sessions (≥7 days) and in 7/13 sessions for early sessions (<7 days) (p = 0.01). Quantitative CT scan revealed a high percentage of non-aerated or poorly-aerated lung parenchyma [52 % (41–62)] in all patients. No correlation was found between CT scan data and respiratory parameter changes. Hemodynamics did not vary and side effects were rare (one membrane thrombosis and one drop in ECMO blood flow). Conclusion When used in combination with VV-ECMO, 24 h of prone positioning improves both oxygenation and respiratory system compliance. Moreover, our study confirms the absence of serious adverse event

Diagnostic and prognostic value of MRI T2 quantificationin heart transplant patients

International audienceThis study was designed retrospectively to assess the value of myocardial T2 to detect or predict ongoing acute heart rejection, in heart transplant patients, with a 1.5-T MRI magnet. One hundred and ninety-six myocardial T2 quantifications were performed on sixty consecutive heart transplant patients during routine follow- up. T2 values were assessed (i) with regard to the results of concomitant biopsies and (ii) with a Cox multivariate model for the prediction of subsequent rejections, defined by a ≥ grade 2 at biopsy or highly suspected in the absence of biopsy (>10% drop in ejection fraction with subsequent reversibility under treatment). T2 values were proposed as main covariate, after logit transformation andadjustment for other confounding parameters such as delay since graft surgery and delay before biopsy. T2 values were strongly linked (i) to the presence of rejection on concomitant biopsy (P < 0.0001) and (ii) to the risk of subsequent rejection on Cox multivariate model (P < 0.001). T2 values above 60 ms were associated with relative risk of rejection higher than 2.0 and rapidly increasing. In conclusion, myocardial T2 yields a high diagnostic and prognostic value for graft rejection in heart transplant patients

Beneficial Effects of Norepinephrine Alone on Cardiovascular Function and Tissue Oxygenation in a Pig Model of Cardiogenic Shock

International audienceINTRODUCTION:The present study was developed to investigate the effects of norepinephrine alone on hemodynamics and intrinsic cardiac function in a pig model of cardiogenic shock mimicking the clinical setting.METHODS:Cardiogenic shock was induced by 1-h ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery followed by reperfusion. Pigs were monitored with a Swan-Ganz catheter, a transpulmonary thermodilution catheter, and a conductance catheter placed in the left ventricle for pressure-loop measurements. Measurements were performed before LAD occlusion, 1 h after LAD occlusion, and 4 h after myocardial reperfusion.RESULTS:Myocardial infarction and reperfusion was followed by cardiogenic shock characterized by a significant increase in heart rate and significant decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP), mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO2), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), prerecruitable stroke work (PRSW), and cardiac power index (CPI). Lactate levels were significantly increased. The systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and global end-diastolic volume index (GEDVI) remained unchanged. When compared with the control group (n = 6), norepinephrine infusion (n = 6) was associated with no changes in heart rate, a significant increase in MAP, SVO2, left ventricular ejection fraction, pressure development during isovolumic contraction, SVRI, and CPI and a decrease in lactate level. Cardiac index tended to increase (P = 0.059), whereas PRSW did not change in the norepinephrine group. LVEDP and GEDVI remained unchanged.CONCLUSIONS:Norepinephrine alone is able to improve hemodynamics, cardiac function, and tissue oxygenation in a pig model of ischemic cardiogenic shock

Moderate Hypothermia Improves Cardiac and Vascular Function in a Pig Model of Ischemic Cardiogenic Shock Treated With Veno-Arterial ECMO

International audienceCardiogenic shock (CS) patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) have severe cardiac failure, associated with ischemia-reperfusion. The use of moderate hypothermia during ischemia-reperfusion syndrome is supported by experimental data. We therefore studied the effects of moderate hypothermia on cardiac and vascular function in pig ischemic CS treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). CS was induced in 12 anesthetized pigs by coronary ligation. After 1 h of CS, VA-ECMO was initiated and pigs were randomized to normothermia (38°C) or moderate hypothermia (34°C) during 8 h. Intrinsic cardiac function was measured using a left ventricular conductance catheter. At the end of the experiment, tissues were harvested for Western blotting. ECMO associated with norepinephrine infusion and volume resuscitation increased mean arterial pressure, mixed venous oxygen saturation as well as carotid, renal, and coronary blood flow without any differences between normothermia and hypothermia. Hypothermia was associated with less fluid and less norepinephrine infusion, lower lactate level, and higher urinary output. Vascular reactivity was superior in hypothermia comparatively to normothermia as expressed using norepinephrine dose-response curves. Pressure development during isovolumic contraction, left ventricular ejection fraction, and prerecruitable stroke work index were higher in the hypothermia group. There were no differences between normothermia and hypothermia with regard to carotid and mesenteric protein expression for iNOs, eNOS, and phospho AKt/AKt measured at the end of the experimentation. The incidence of surgical bleeding and coagulation disorders was the same in both groups. In conclusion, moderate and rapid hypothermia improves hemodynamics and cardiac and vascular function in a pig model of ischemic CS treated with ECMO

Experts' recommendations for the management of adult patients with cardiogenic shock

Unlike for septic shock, there are no specific international recommendations regarding the management of cardiogenic shock (CS) in critically ill patients. We present herein recommendations for the management of cardiogenic shock in adults, developed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system by an expert group of the French-Language Society of Intensive Care (Société de Réanimation de Langue Française (SRLF)), with the participation the French Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care (SFAR), the French Cardiology Society (SFC), the French Emergency Medicine Society (SFMU), and the French Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (SFCTCV). The recommendations cover 15 fields of application such as: epidemiology, myocardial infarction, monitoring, vasoactive drugs, prehospital care, cardiac arrest, mechanical assistance, general treatments, cardiac surgery, poisoning, cardiogenic shock complicating end-stage cardiac failure, post-shock treatment, various etiologies, and medical care pathway. The experts highlight the fact that CS is a rare disease, the management of which requires a multidisciplinary technical platform as well as specialized and experienced medical teams. In particular, each expert center must be able to provide, at the same site, skills in a variety of disciplines, including medical and interventional cardiology, anesthesia, thoracic and vascular surgery, intensive care, cardiac assistance, radiology including for interventional vascular procedures, and a circulatory support mobile unit

Current results of left ventricular assist device therapy in France: the ASSIST-ICD registry

International audienceOBJECTIVES: Our goal was to provide a picture of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) activity in France between 2007 and 2016 based on the multicentric ASSIST-ICD registry.METHODS: We retrospectively collected 136 variables including in-hospital data, follow-up survival rates and adverse events from 671 LVAD recipients at 20 out of 24 LVAD implant centres in France. The average follow-up time was 1.2 years (standard deviation: 1.4); the total follow-up time was 807.5 patient-years.RESULTS: The included devices were the HeartMate II®, HeartWare LVAS® or Jarvik 2000®. The overall likelihood of being alive while on LVAD support or having a transplant (primary end point) at 1, 2, 3 and 5 years postimplantation was 65.2%, 59.7%, 55.9% and 47.7%, respectively, given a cumulative incidence of 29.2% of receiving a transplant at year 5. At implantation, 21.5% of patients were on extracorporeal life support. The overall rate of cardiogenic shock at implantation was 53%. The major complications were driveline infection (26.1%), pump pocket or cannula infection (12.6%), LVAD thrombosis (12.2%), ischaemic (12.8%) or haemorrhagic stroke (5.4%; all strokes 18.2%), non-cerebral haemorrhage (9.1%) and LVAD exchange (5.2%). The primary end point (survival) was stratified by age at surgery and by the type of device used, with inference from baseline profiles. The primary end point combined with an absence of complications (secondary end point) was also stratified by device type.CONCLUSIONS: The ASSIST-ICD registry provides a real-life picture of LVAD use in 20 of the 24 implant centres in France. Despite older average age and a higher proportion of patients chosen for destination therapy, survival rates improved compared to those in previous national registry results. This LVAD registry contrasts with other international registries because patients with implants have more severe disease, and the national policy for graft attribution is distinct. We recommend referring patients for LVAD earlier and suggest a discussion of the optimal timing of a transplant for bridged patients (more dismal results after the second year of support?)