Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Effects of microbial inoculation of alfalfa haylage on silo fermentation characteristics, digestibility and performance of lactating dairy cows

Foram objetivos do presente estudo avaliar os efeitos do inoculante microbiano Silobac® (L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus), na silagem pré-secada de alfafa, em 22 silos, sendo 11 destes submetidos ao tratamento com inoculante. A alfafa foi cortada quando em estádio do meio do florescimento e os silos confeccionados em fardos de aproximadamente 600 kg revestidos com película de PVC branca. Amostras foram coletadas logo após a abertura de cada silo para análise da composição bromatológica e perfil fermentativo. Avaliou-se também, os efeitos desta inoculação sobre o consumo de matéria seca, digestibilidade aparente, produção e composição do leite de doze vacas da raça Holandesa, multíparas, com 135 ± 16,4 dias de lactação, distribuídas em delineamento em reversão simples com seqüência balanceada (\"cross-over\") com dois períodos sucessivos. Os tratamentos corresponderam a silagem pré-secada de alfafa (50,0% de MS e 16,5% de PB) controle ou inoculada. Cada período experimental teve duração de 21 dias, sendo os 5 últimos dias destinados à coleta de dados. Nos resultados relativos à fermentação, o inoculante diminuiu o teor de MS (inoculada = 44,7 vs. controle = 51,2%), aumentou a concentração de ácido acético (2,35 vs. 0,89% MS) e apresentou tendência em aumentar os teores de carboidratos solúveis (2,97 vs. 2,44% MS), em relação ao grupo controle. O inoculante também tendeu em diminuir o escore de bolor obtido à 10 cm de profundidade, mas não a 30 ou 50 cm. Não foram observados efeitos sobre os teores de PB (15,9 vs. 16,4% MS), NIDA (11,2 vs. 11,6% do N total), FDN (47,1 vs. 46,7% MS), FDA (40,2 vs. 39,8% MS), LDA (10,4 vs. 11,1% MS) e amido (0,82 vs. 0,69% MS), DIVMS (61,6 vs. 62,5% MS), poder tampão (52,9 vs. 51,7 meq./100g MS), as concentrações de etanol (0,018 vs. 0,024% MS) e dos ácidos propiônico (0,00 vs. 0,00% MS), butírico (0,00 vs. 0,00% MS) e lático (5,62 vs. 4,45% MS), bem como sobre o pH (4,96 vs. 5,33), sobre as concentrações de N-NH3 (8,19 vs. 5,21% do N total) ou sobre a estabilidade aeróbia. Quanto a digestibilidade, o inoculante aumentou a digestibilidade aparente da MS (81,7 vs. 74,2%), PB (83,1 vs. 74,6%), EE (90,1 vs. 81,7%), ENN (84,1 vs. 78,7%), FB (74,8 vs. 61,9%), FDN (70,0 vs. 58,0%), FDA (75,2 vs. 63,9%), amido (92,7 vs. 88,9%), EB (82,4 vs. 74,7%) e o NDT (80,5 vs. 73,3%), em relação ao grupo controle. Porém, não houve efeito do inoculante sobre o consumo MS digestível (14,5 vs. 13,3 kg/animal/dia, ou 2,67 vs. 2,46% do PV) ou de NDT (14,3 vs. 13,2 kg/animal/dia ou 2,63 vs. 2,43% do PV). Também não se observou efeito da inoculação sobre o CMS (17,8 vs. 17,8 kg/animal/dia), produção de leite (23,0 vs. 22,4 kg/dia), porcentagem de gordura (3,46 vs. 3,47%), proteína (2,96 vs. 2,93%), lactose (4,64 vs. 4,67%), sólidos totais (11,9 vs. 11,9%) e sólidos desengordurados (8,49 vs. 8,48%), nos resultados obtidos com as análises de leite.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of microbial inoculant Silobac® (L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus) on twenty-two big bales of alfalfa haylage, eleven treated with inoculant. Alfalfa crop was harvested at middle bloom stage and conditioned in bales about 600 kg capacity and covered with white tube plastic film. Silage was sampled to proceed chemical analyses after each silo was opened. Also was evaluated the effects of this inoculant on dry matter intake, apparent digestibility, milk yield and composition in twelve Holstein cows, at 135 ± 16.4 days in milk. A cross-over design with two periods of sampling was used. Treatments were alfalfa haylage (50.0% DM and 16.5% CP) control or inoculated. Each experimental period extended for twenty-one days, the last five used for data collection. On chemical composition results, inoculation decreased DM content (inoculated = 44.7 vs. control = 51.3%), increased acetic acid content (2.35 vs. 0.89% DM) and tended to increase WSC content (2.97 vs. 2.44% DM) compared to control. It also tended to decrease mould on depth 10 cm, but not on depth 30 or 50 cm. Treatments did not influence CP (15.9 vs. 16.4% DM), ADIN (11.2 vs. 11.6% of total N), NDF (47.1 vs. 46.7% DM), ADF (40.2 vs. 39.8% DM), ADL (10.4 vs. 11.1% DM) and starch contents (0.82 vs. 0.69% DM), IVDMD (61.6 vs. 62.5% DM), buffering capacity (52.9 vs. 51.7 meq./100g DM), ethylic alcohol (0.018 vs. 0.024% DM), propionic (0.00 vs. 0.00% DM), butyric (0.00 vs. 0.00% DM) and lactic acids contents (5.62 vs. 4.45% DM), pH (4.96 vs. 5.33), NH3-N content (8.19 vs. 5.21% of total N) or aerobic stability. As for digestibility, the inoculation increased apparent digestibility of DM (81.7 vs. 74.2%), CP (83.1 vs. 74.6%), EE (90.1 vs. 81.7%), NFE (84.1 vs. 78.7%), CF (74.8 vs. 61.9%), NDF (70.0 vs. 58.0%), ADF (75.2 vs. 63.9%), starch (92.7 vs. 88.9%), GE (82.4 vs. 74.7%) and TDN (80.5 vs. 73.3%) compared to control. However, it did not influence digestible DMI (14.5 vs. 13.3 kg/animal/day or 2.67 vs. 2.46% of BW), nor TDN (14.3 vs. 13.2 kg/animal/day or 2.63 vs. 2.43% of BW). The inoculation did not also influence DMI (17.8 vs. 17.8 kg/animal/day), milk yield (23.0 vs. 22.4 kg/day), fat (3.46 vs. 3.47%), protein (2.96 vs. 2.93%), lactose (4.64 vs. 4.67%), total solids (11.9 vs. 11.9%) and fat free solids percentage (8.49 vs. 8.48%), on milk analysis results

Desempenho, saúde e resposta imune de vacas leiteiras e de bezerros suplementados com leveduras e extratos de parede celular de leveduras

: These studies were carried out to evaluate animal performance, health and immune response of dairy cows and calves supplemented with yeast culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae enriched with cell wall extracts. In the first trial were used 333 early postpartum multiparous Holstein cows, randomly assigned at 1 d in milk (DIM) to receive 14 g/d of a commercial yeast culture (Diamond V XPC; YC = 159 cows) or 14 g/d of the same yeast culture with additional 5 g/d of yeast cell wall extracts (Diamond V XPC Plus; YCCW = 174 cows), top-dressed onto the total mixed ration diet once a day for the first 100 DIM. A subset of 80 cows (40/treatment) was evaluated for cellular and humoral immune responses, and plasma metabolites concentrations. There were no effects of treatments on incidence of postpartum disorders, although more cows receiving YCCW were diagnosed with at least one disease. Treatments did not affect body condition score, plasma metabolites concentrations and humoral response of cows. Phagocytic and killing activities of neutrophils were improved with days postpartum, but treatments did not influence cellular immune response. Cows fed YCCW had lesser yields of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, milk fat and milk true protein, although concentrations of milk fat, milk true protein and net energy for lactation in milk were not influenced by treatments. Conception rate at first postpartum insemination was similar between treatments. These results suggest that the inclusion of yeast cell wall extracts to diets of cows fed yeast culture does not improve health, immune response or lactation performance. In the second trial were used 512 Holstein calves in the first 70 d of age, randomly assigned at 2 ± 1 d of age to yeast culture (YC, 218 females and 37 males) or control (223 females and 34 males). Yeast culture was fed at 2% of the grain DM. All calves received colostrum during the first 24 h, pasteurized milk thereafter until 60 d of age, and grain was fed ad libitum for the first 70 d of age. Calves were housed in individual hutches and grain intake was measured 5 d/wk. Body weight was measured at 5, 30 and 68 d of age, and attitude and fecal consistency were scored daily. Incidence and duration of health disorders and treatments were recorded. Neutrophil phagocytic and killing activities and antibody response to immunization with ovalbumin were measured. Glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were measured in plasma. Grain intake did not differ between treatments and averaged 908 g/d throughout the study. Body weight change as well as glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations did not differ between YC and control. Minor effects on neutrophil function were observed, and YC tended to increase the number of phagocytized bacteria and killing of phagocytized bacteria, but did not influence humoral immune response. Attitude scores, related to calves' behavior, were similar between treatments throughout the study. Almost all calves experienced mild diarrhea during the study, but feeding YC improved fecal scores, reduced days with watery feces, incidence of fever and diarrhea, and risk of health disorders. Because of the high incidence of diarrhea, mortality pre-weaning was also high, but YC improved survival of calves by decreasing mortality rate past 13 d of age. Net income at the end of the study was improved by $48/calf with YC. Feeding yeast culture in grain improved health, minimized frequency or health treatments, and reduced morbidity and mortality in dairy calves.Os estudos foram realizados com os objetivos de avaliar o desempenho animal, a saúde e a resposta imune de vacas e bezerros leiteiros suplementados com cultura de levedura de Saccharomyces cerevisiae enriquecida com extratos de parede celular. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizadas 333 vacas multíparas da raça Holandesa em início de lactação, distribuídas aleatoriamente no primeiro dia de lactação de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: 1)14 g/dia de levedura comercial (Diamond V XPC; CL 159 vacas); 2) 14 g/dia da mesma levedura com adicional de 5 g/dia de extratos de parede celular (Diamond V XPC Plus; PCL = 174 vacas), adicionados sobre a dieta, na forma de ração total misturada, uma vez ao dia nos primeiros 100 dias em lactação. Uma sub- amostra de 80 vacas (40/tratamento) foi avaliada para resposta imune celular e humoral e para concentração de metabólitos no plasma. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre a incidência de doenças pós-parto, embora um maior número de vacas do tratamento PCL tenha sido diagnosticado com pelo menos uma doença. O tratamento não afetou o escore de condição corporal, a concentração de metabólitos no plasma e a resposta humoral das vacas. A atividade fagocítica dos neutrófilos foi melhorada com o avanço da lactação, no entanto, os tratamentos não influenciaram a resposta imune celular. As vacas suplementadas com PCL tiveram menores produções de leite, de leite corrigido para 3,5$48/bezerro para aqueles que receberam CL. O fornecimento da ração inicial com cultura de levedura melhorou a saúde, minimizou a freqüência ou os tratamentos de doenças, e reduziu a morbidade e mortalidade em bezerros leiteiros.xvi, 82

<b>Inoculação microbiana da silagem de alfafa (<em>Medicago sativa</em>) e seu efeito sobre o consumo de matéria seca e sobre a fermentação ruminal em bovinos</b> - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v25i2.2074 <b>Microbial inoculation of alfalfa silage (<em>Medicago sativa</em>) and its effect on dry matter intake and ruminal fermentation in bovines</b> - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v25i2.2074

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação microbiana da alfafa (<em>Medicago sativa</em>) para ensilagem sobre o consumo de matéria seca, fermentação ruminal e taxa de passagem de líquidos em bovinos. Doze vacas não-gestantes e não-lactantes foram distribuídas em um delineamento em blocos, e os tratamentos corresponderam à silagem pré-secada de alfafa (60% de MS e 19,5% de PB) controle ou inoculada com o produto Silobac^&reg; (<em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> e <em>Pediococcus pentosaceus</em>). A dieta experimental continha 50% de silagem de alfafa e 50% de concentrado. O experimento teve duração total de 21 dias, sendo o 21^º dia utilizado para colheitas de líquido ruminal realizadas às 0h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h e 12h, após a 1^a refeição. A inoculação microbiana da silagem de alfafa não alterou o consumo de MS (inoculada = 2,56 vs. controle = 2,39% PV), o pH do líquido ruminal (6,15 vs. 6,27), a concentração ruminal de N-NH₃ (19,0 vs. 18,2mg/dl), a concentração total de AGVs (122,5 vs. 113,8mM) ou a proporção molar de ácido acético (66,1 vs. 66,8% molar), propiônico (21,1 vs. 19,6% molar) e butírico (12,8 vs. 13,6% molar). Parâmetros relativos à dinâmica líquida ruminal, como o volume líquido (59,5 vs. 63,4 litros) e a taxa de passagem de líquidos (8,6 vs. 8,0%/h), também não foram alterados com a inoculação.<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of microbial inoculation of alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa</em>) for ensiling on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation and liquid passage rate in twelve non pregnant dry cows. A randomized block design was used and the treatments were alfalfa haylage control (60% DM and 19.5% CP) or inoculated with Silobac^&reg; product (<em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> and <em>Pediococcus pentosaceus</em>). Experimental diet contained 50% of alfalfa silage and 50% of concentrate. Experimental period lasted for twenty-one days; the 21^st day was used for ruminal liquid sampling at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 hours after the first meal. Microbial inoculation of alfalfa silage did not influence DM intake (inoculated = 2.56 vs. control = 2.39% BW), pH (6.15 vs. 6.27), NH₃-N content of ruminant liquid (19.0 vs. 18.2mg/dl), total VFA concentration (122.5 vs. 113.8mM) or molar proportion of acetic (66.1 vs. 66.8% molar), propionic (21.1 vs. 19.6% molar) and butiric acid (12.8 vs. 13.6% molar). Neither ruminal liquid volume (59.5 vs. 63.4 litres) nor liquid passage rate of ruminal (8.6 vs. 8.0%/h) were influenced by inoculation

Desempenho produtivo de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com silagem pré-seca de alfafa adicionada de inoculante microbiano Performance of lactating dairy cows fed alfalfa haylage with microbial inoculant

Objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, avaliar os efeitos da inoculação microbiana da silagem pré-seca de alfafa sobre o consumo de matéria seca, a produção e composição do leite de vacas da raça Holandesa, multíparas, com 135 ± 16,4 dias de lactação, distribuídas em delineamento em reversão simples com seqüência balanceada ("cross-over"), com dois períodos sucessivos. Os tratamentos corresponderam à silagem pré-seca de alfafa (50,0% de MS e 16,5% de PB) controle ou inoculada com o produto Silobac® (Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus pentosaceus). Cada período experimental teve duração de 21 dias, sendo os cinco últimos dias destinados à coleta de dados. Não se observou efeito da inoculação sobre o CMS (inoculada = 17,8 vs. controle = 17,8 kg/animal/dia), a produção de leite corrigida para 4,0% de gordura (21,0 vs. 20,4 kg/dia), produção de leite (23,0 vs. 22,4 kg/dia), porcentagem de gordura (3,46 vs. 3,47%), proteína (2,96 vs. 2,93%), lactose (4,64 vs. 4,67%), sólidos totais (11,9 vs. 11,9%) e sólidos desengordurados (8,49 vs. 8,48%), CCS (5,43 vs. 5,16 log cel/10³/mL), NUL (11,7 vs. 12,1 mg/dl), acidez (15,9 vs. 16,4ºD), densidade (1030,1 vs. 1030,0) e crioscopia (-0,529 vs. -0,531ºH).<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding alfalfa haylage with microbial inoculat on dry matter intake, milk yield and composition in Holstein cows, at 135 ± 16.4 days in milk. A cross-over design with two periods of sampling was used. Treatments were alfalfa haylage (50.0% DM and 16.5% CP) control or microbially inoculated with Silobac® product (Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus). Each experimental period extended for twenty-one days, the last five used for data collection. The inoculation did not influence DMI (inoculated = 17.8 vs. control = 17.8 kg/animal/day), 4%FCM (21.0 vs. 20.4 kg/day), milk yield (23.0 vs. 22.4 kg/day), fat (3.46 vs. 3.47%), protein (2.96 vs. 2.93%), lactose (4.64 vs. 4.67%), total solids (11.9 vs. 11.9%) and fat free solids percentage (8.49 vs. 8.48%), SCC (5.43 vs. 5.16 log cell/10³/mL), MUN (11.7 vs. 12.1 mg/dl), acidity (15.9 vs. 16.4ºD), density (1030.1 vs. 1030.0) and cryoscopic index (-0.529 vs. -0.531ºH)

Inoculação microbiana da alfafa para silagem sobre a digestibilidade total e ruminal em bovinos Microbial inoculation of alfalfa for silage on ruminal and total digestibility in bovines

Doze vacas (640 kg de PV) não-gestantes e não-lactantes foram distribuídas em um delineamento em blocos, em que os tratamentos corresponderam à silagem pré-secada de alfafa (60,0% de MS e 19,5% de PB) controle ou inoculada com o produto Silobac® (Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus pentosaceus), com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inoculação microbiana da silagem de alfafa sobre a digestibilidade total e ruminal em bovinos. A dieta experimental continha 50% de silagem de alfafa e 50% de concentrados, com base na matéria seca. O experimento teve duração total de 21 dias, sendo os dez últimos destinados à administração do marcador óxido crômio e os cinco últimos destinados à coleta de fezes e incubação dos sacos de náilon. A inoculação da silagem de alfafa não alterou a digestibilidade total da MS (inoculada = 70,0% vs. controle = 71,2%), PB (72,3% vs. 73,0%), EE (77,0% vs. 76,8%), FDN (61,2% vs. 55,9%), FDA (66,8% vs. 61,8%), EB (72,5% vs. 73,7%) ou NDT (70,6% vs. 71,8%) da dieta. Também não alterou o consumo de MS digestível (12,2 vs. 11,4 kg/animal/dia ou 1,7% vs. 1,8% do PV) ou o consumo de NDT (12,4 vs. 11,4 kg/animal/dia ou 1,8% vs. 1,8% do PV). Entretanto, a inoculação diminuiu a degradabilidade efetiva da MS da silagem de alfafa para taxas de passagem de 2%/h (61,2% vs. 65,1%), 5%/h (54,1% vs. 58,6%) e 8%/h (50,0% vs. 54,4%), bem como reduziu a degradabilidade efetiva da PB da Alfafa para taxas de passagem de 2%/h (84,8% vs. 86,8%) e 5%/h (79,9% vs. 82,5%).<br>Twelve non pregnant dry cows (640 kg LW) were assigned to a randomized block design, provided that the treatments were alfalfa haylage (60.0% DM and 19.5% CP) control or inoculated with Silobac® product (Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus), with the objective to evaluate the effects of microbial inoculation of alfalfa silage on ruminal and total digestibility in bovines. Experimental diet was composing by 50% of alfalfa silage and 50% of concentrate as dry matter basis. The experimental period had duration of 21 days, the last ten was used for chromic oxide addition and the last five was used for feces sampling and nylon bags incubation. Inoculation of Alfalfa silage did not influence the total digestibility of DM (inoculated = 70.0% vs. control = 71.2%), CP (72.3% vs. 73.0%), EE (77.0% vs. 76.8%), NDF (61.2% vs. 55.9%), ADF (66.8% vs. 61.8%), GE (72.5% vs. 73.7%) or TDN (70.6% vs. 71.8%) of diet. Also, did not influence digestible DM intake (12.2 vs. 11.4 kg/anim./day or 1.7% vs. 1.8% LW) or TDN intake (12.4 vs. 11.4 kg/anim./day or 1.8% vs. 1.8% LW). However, inoculation decreased the effective degradability of alfalfa silage DM for passage rate of 2%/h (61.2% vs. 65.1%), 5%/h (54.1% vs. 58.6%) and 8%/h (50.0% vs. 54.4%), and effective degradability of alfalfa silage CP for passage rate of 2%/h (84.8% vs. 86.8%) and 5%/h (79.9% vs. 82.5%)