Habilidades perceptuais e linguísticas na aquisição de nomes e adjetivos

-O presente trabalho insere-se em uma pesquisa acerca da identificação de nomes e adjetivos por crianças brasileiras durante o processo de aquisição do PB. Focaliza-se a relação semântica estabelecida pelo adjetivo, quando anteposto ou posposto ao nome. No português do Brasil (PB), a ordem canônica do SD complexo é Det + N + Adj, mas há a possibilidade da ordem inversa, Det + Adj + N. A anteposição do adjetivo em relação ao nome pode acarretar uma alteração de sentido (um amigo velho / um velho amigo) ou não (uma moça linda / uma linda moça). Investigamos se crianças em idade escolar percebem tal relação entre a posição do adjetivo e alteração semântica. Uma atividade experimental de produção eliciada é proposta com crianças entre 7 e 9 anos em que o experimentador conta histórias mostrando cenários que as descrevem. Ao final de cada história três pranchas com três respostas diferentes são apresentadas à criança para que ela escolha, a partir de seu entendimento, a melhor opção. Observa-se se a criança, na sua escolha, mantém ou não a diferença semântica causada pelo adjetivo anteposto ou posposto ao nome. Os resultados são analisados e discutidos, levando-se em conta um modelo psicolingüístico de aquisição da linguage

Characterization of primary direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drugs resistance mutations in NS5A/NS5B regions of hepatitis C virus with genotype 1a and 1b from patients with chronic hepatitis

The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a public health problem. The high level of HCV replication and its lack of post-transcriptional correction mechanisms results in the emergence of viral variants and the difficulty in determining polymorphisms and variants that contain the substitutions associated with resistance towards new antivirals. The main focus of this study was to map the NS5A and NS5B polymorphisms and resistance mutations to new antiviral drugs in HCV strains genotype 1 from patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Serum samples were collected from patients who underwent routine viral load tests at the Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo city, Brazil. A total of 698 and 853 samples were used for the characterization of NS5A and NS5B regions, respectively, which comprise the HCV genotypes 1a and 1b. The prevalence of resistance mutations found in the NS5A region was 6.4%, with Y93H, L31M, Q30R, and Y93N as the main resistance-associated substitutions (RAS). No NS5B-associated RAS was observed for any of the analyzed drugs. These findings support that the RAS test should be offered to individuals with poor response to double combination regimens prior to treatment initiation, thereby assisting strain vigilance and selection of effective treatment or retreatment options using DAA regimens

Flipping the Classroom: Reflections on the flipped classroom and teaching practice in Philosophy in the Higher Education

The new Coronavirus Pandemic has revealed the need for a methodological redefinition of teaching and learning attitude of teachers and students, through the pedagogical use of digital technologies. Therefore, this article aims to present reflections on the use of the Flipped Classroom methodology as a re-signifying possibility for the teaching of Philosophy in Higher Education, considering the context of remote emergency teaching. Assuming that there is a concern with the didactic-pedagogical and sociopolitical process of teaching and learning that constitutes teaching practice in the teaching of Philosophy in Brazilian Academies, the question is: what are the advantages and challenges of using the flipped classroom methodology in the process of teaching and learning Philosophy in Higher Education? For this, two fundamental aspects of the formal educational process are discussed: the first refers to the didactic-pedagogical and sociopolitical aspects of the teaching and learning process that constitute the teaching practice, as the content and didactics are emphasized. that is, the “what” and the “how to teach” and the second, it is about the need for re-signification/updating of traditional teaching in face of active methodologies. Based on the current context of remote teaching and/or hybrid teaching in Higher Education in Brazil, it is concluded that is necessary to reframe pedagogical practice in terms of the production of academic knowledge, without losing sight of the conditions in which it is produced

Factors associated with grazing behavior in candidates for bariatric surgery at a hospital in the Amazon

BlackgroundTo assess grazing behavior and associated factors in candidates for bariatric surgery monitored at a public hospital that is a reference in the care of people with severe obesity.MethodsCross-sectional analytical study, with candidates for bariatric surgery of both genders, treated in a public hospital in the Amazon. To assess grazing behavior, the Repetitive Eating Questionnaire was used, and to investigate patterns of eating behavior, the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire was used, which assesses: Emotional Eating, Cognitive Restriction and Uncontrolled Eating. Sociodemographic information was obtained through self-report and the description of medication use through the medical record. Body mass index (BMI) was also calculated by measuring weight and height. The SPSS program, v. 21.0 was used. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee.ResultsA total of 205 participants were evaluated, with a mean age of 37.5 ± 8.6 years, the majority (93.7%) being women and the majority (59.5%) was not also using medication to lose weight. About 66.3% of the participants had compulsive grazing. The factor with the highest score was cognitive restriction (p < 0.001). Individuals who used weight loss drugs had higher scores in the cognitive restriction factor (p = 0.015) and lower scores for uncontrolled eating (p = 0.008), compulsive grazing (p = 0.021) and non-compulsive grazing (p = 0.034).ConclusionLinear regression showed that emotional eating and uncontrolled eating were predictors of both compulsive grazing and non-compulsive grazing behavior. It was observed that grazing behavior, cognitive restriction, emotional eating and uncontrolled eating are present and correlated in the studied patients. In addition, the use of weight loss drugs seems to help reduce dysfunctional eating behaviors in patients with severe obesity

Investigation of 15q11-q13, 16p11.2 and 22q13 CNVs in Autism Spectrum Disorder Brazilian Individuals with and without Epilepsy

Copy number variations (CNVs) are an important cause of ASD and those located at 15q11-q13, 16p11.2 and 22q13 have been reported as the most frequent. These CNVs exhibit variable clinical expressivity and those at 15q11-q13 and 16p11.2 also show incomplete penetrance. In the present work, through multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis of 531 ethnically admixed ASD-affected Brazilian individuals, we found that the combined prevalence of the 15q11-q13, 16p11.2 and 22q13 CNVs is 2.1% (11/531). Parental origin could be determined in 8 of the affected individuals, and revealed that 4 of the CNVs represent de novo events. Based on CNV prediction analysis from genome-wide SNP arrays, the size of those CNVs ranged from 206 kb to 2.27 Mb and those at 15q11-q13 were limited to the 15q13.3 region. In addition, this analysis also revealed 6 additional CNVs in 5 out of 11 affected individuals. Finally, we observed that the combined prevalence of CNVs at 15q13.3 and 22q13 in ASD-affected individuals with epilepsy (6.4%) was higher than that in ASD-affected individuals without epilepsy (1.3%; p<0.014). Therefore, our data show that the prevalence of CNVs at 15q13.3, 16p11.2 and 22q13 in Brazilian ASD-affected individuals is comparable to that estimated for ASD-affected individuals of pure or predominant European ancestry. Also, it suggests that the likelihood of a greater number of positive MLPA results might be found for the 15q13.3 and 22q13 regions by prioritizing ASD-affected individuals with epilepsy.Support was provided by FAPESP-INCT - grant number: 2008/57899-7; FAPESP-CEPID - grant number: 2013/08028-1; CNPq [http://www.fapesp.br/]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Perfil fitoquímico, actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante de extractos de Gnaphalium oxyphyllum y Euphorbia maculata nativas de Sonora, México

The use of synthetic chemical compounds to preserve foods or treat diseases of bacterial origin is limited because they can cause health damage. Therefore, the food and livestock industries seek natural strategies to preserve foods and preserve the health of animals intended for human consumption. In this sense, some extracts of plant from Sonora, Mexico could be an alternative due to the great diversity of plants and the fact that some of them are traditionally used to treat diseases. On the other hand, there are few studies that support the biological activity of ethanolic extracts of Gnaphalium oxyphyllum (E1) and Euphorbia maculata (E2). In this study, phytochemical content was determined by spectrophotometry, antimicrobial activity was determined by agar diffusion and antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP. The results showed that the E1 and E2 extracts had total phenols, total flavonoids, flavones and flavonols, total flavanones and dihydroflavonols, as well as total tannins, total chlorogenic acid and total polysaccharides. In addition, both extracts showed higher antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 when 1 mg ml-1 was used (P<0.05). In addition, they presented antioxidant activity by the methods of ABTS, DPPH and FRAP. Therefore, the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of these plants represents a natural alternative to control some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the livestock industry, as well as for food preservation.El uso de compuestos químicos sintéticos para conservar alimentos o tratar enfermedades de origen bacteriano está limitado debido a que pueden ocasionar daños en la salud. Por ello, las industrias alimentaria y pecuaria buscan estrategias naturales para conservar alimentos y mantener la salud de los animales destinados a consumo humano. En este sentido, algunos extractos de plantas provenientes de Sonora, México podrían ser una alternativa debido a la gran diversidad de plantas y que algunas de ellas se utilizan tradicionalmente para tratar enfermedades. Por otro lado, son pocos los estudios que sustentan la actividad biológica de los extractos etanólicos de Gnaphalium oxyphyllum (E1) y Euphorbia maculata (E2). En este estudio, el contenido de fitoquímicos se determinó por espectrofotometría, la actividad antimicrobiana se determinó por difusión en agar y la actividad antioxidante se evaluó por ABTS, DPPH y FRAP. Los resultados mostraron que los extractos E1 y E2 presentaron fenoles totales, flavonoides totales, flavonas y flavonoles, flavanonas y dihidroflavonoles totales, así como, taninos totales, ácido clorogénico total y polisacáridos totales. Además, ambos extractos mostraron mayor actividad antimicrobiana contra Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 y Salmonella entérica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 cuando se utilizó 1 mg ml-1 (P<0.05). Además, presentaron actividad antioxidante por los métodos de ABTS, DPPH y FRAP. Por lo anterior, el potencial antimicrobiano y antioxidante de estas plantas representa una alternativa natural para controlar algunas bacterias Gram positivas y Gram negativas en la industria pecuaria, así como para la conservación de alimentos

Pterostilbene reduces experimental myocardial infarction-induced oxidative stress in lung and right ventricle

Fundamento: O pterostilbeno (PS), um composto polifenólico natural e antioxidante, surge como uma intervenção promissora para minimizar danos do infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do PS na promoção da homeostase redox nos pulmões e no ventrículo direito (VD) de animais infartados. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos (60 dias de idade) foram randomizados em três grupos: SHAM, IAM (infarto) e IAM+PS (IAM + pterostilbeno). Sete dias após o procedimento de IAM, os ratos foram tratados com PS (100 mg/kg/dia) por gavagem por oito dias. Os animais foram depois sacrificados e os pulmões e VD foram coletados para análise do balanço redox (diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p<0,05). Resultados: Nossos resultados mostram que o IAM desencadeia a interrupção redox no VD e nos pulmões, o que pode contribuir para danos induzido pelo IAM nesses órgãos. Consistentemente, o PS mitigou o estresse oxidativo e restaurou as defesas antioxidantes (Glutationa – GSH nos pulmões: SHAM = 0,79 ± 0,07; IAM = 0,67 ± 0,05; IAM + PS = 0,86 ± 0,14; p<0,05), indicando seu papel protetor neste cenário. Conclusão: Nosso trabalho evidencia o potencial do uso de PS como abordagem terapêutica adjuvante após IAM para proteção dos tecidos pulmonares e cardíacos direitos.Background: Pterostilbene (PS), a natural and antioxidant polyphenolic compound emerges as a promising intervention in improving the myocardial infarction (MI) damages. Objetives: This study aimed to evaluate PS actions in promoting redox homeostasis in lungs and right ventricle (RV) of infarcted animals. Methods: Male Wistar rats (60 day-old) were randomized into three groups: SHAM, MI (infarcted), and MI+PS (MI+pterostilbene). Seven days after MI procedure, rats were treated with PS (100 mg/kg/day) via gavage for eight days. Animals were euthanized and the lungs and RV were harvested for analyses of redox balance (Differences were considered significant when p<0.05). Results: Our results show that MI triggers a redox disruption scenario in RV and lungs, which can contribute to MI-induced damage on these organs. Consistently, PS mitigated oxidative stress and restored antioxidant defenses (GSH in lungs: SHAM= 0.79±0.07; MI=0.67±0.05; MI+PS=0.86±0.14; p<0.05), indicating its protective role in this scenario. Conclusions: Our work evidences the PS potential use as an adjuvant therapeutic approach after MI focusing on protecting pulmonary and right-sided heart tissues

Growth of Fungal Cells and the Production of Mycotoxins

Some filamentous fungi are able to grow in food and produce toxic metabolites. It occurs mainly in grains, cereals, oilseeds and some by-products. The growth of fungi in a particular food is governed largely by a series of physical and chemical parameters. The production of toxic metabolites is not confined to a single group of molds irrespective of whether they are grouped according to structure, ecology, or phylogenetic relationships. Mycotoxins can be carcinogenic and cause several harmful effects to both human and animal organisms, in addition to generating large economic losses. The major mycotoxins found in food are the aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, zearalenone, and trichothecenes, generally stable at high temperatures and long storage periods. Considering the difficult prevention and control, international organizations for food safety establish safe levels of these toxins in food destined for both human and animal consumption. Good agricultural practices and control of temperature and moisture during storage are factors which contribute significantly to inhibit the production of mycotoxins. The use of some fungistatic products, such as essential oils and antioxidants, as well as physical, mechanical, chemical, or thermal processing, represents important methods to have the concentration of mycotoxins reduced in food

Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors

Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are hematopoietic neoplasms composed of mast cells. It is highly common in dogs and is extremely important in the veterinary oncology field. It represents the third most common tumor subtype, and is the most common malignant skin tumor in dogs, corresponding to 11% of skin cancer cases. The objective of this critical review was to present the report of the 2nd Consensus meeting on the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors, which was organized by the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET) in August 2021. The most recent information on cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs is presented and discussed