地方公共団体に対する国の行政的関与の方式 : 英国に於ける行政統制に関する一考察

Purpose: High protein intake in infancy has been linked to obesity. We aimed to examine the associations of protein intake in early childhood with cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes at school age. Methods: This study was performed in 2965 children participating in a population-based prospective cohort study. Protein intake at 1 year was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire and was adjusted for energy intake. At the children’s age of 6 years, we measured their body fat percentage (BF%), blood pressure (BP), and insulin, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride serum levels. These measures were incorporated into a cardiometabolic

Protein intake in infancy and kidney size and function at the age of 6 years: The Generation R Study

Background: High protein intake has been linked to kidney growth and function. Whether protein intake is related to kidney outcomes in healthy children is unclear. Methods: We examined the associations between protein intake in infancy and kidney outcomes at age 6 years in 2968 children participating in a population-based cohort study. Protein intake at 1 year was assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire and was adjusted for energy intake. At age 6 years we measured the kidney volume and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) of all participating children, and we estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using serum creatinine and cystatin C levels. Results: In models adjusted for age, sex, body surface area, and sociodemographic factors, a higher protein intake was associated with a lower ACR and a higher eGFR but was not consistently associated with kidney volume. However, after further adjustment for additional dietary and lifestyle factors, such as sodium intake, diet quality, and television watching, higher protein intake was no longer associated with kidney function. No differences in associations were observed between animal and vegetable protein intake. Conclusions: Our findings show that protein intake in early childhood is not independently associated with kidney size or function at the age of 6 years. Further study is needed on other early life predictors of kidney size and function in later life

Infant dietary patterns and bone mass in childhood: the Generation R Study

Conclusions: An infant dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of dairy and cheese, whole grains, and eggs is positively associated with bone development in childhood. Further research is needed to investigate the consequences for bone health in later life.Results: Higher adherence score to a “dairy and whole grains” pattern was positively associated with BMD and aBMC, but not with BMC and BA. Accordingly, children in the highest quartile of the “dairy and whole grains” pattern had higher BMD (difference 3.98 mg/cm2, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.36 to 7.61) and aBMC (difference 4.96 g, 95 % CI 1.27 to 8.64) than children in the lowest quartile. Stratificati

Investigating the English Oral Reading Fluency Development of Spanish-Speaking English Language Learners

This is a quantitative study derived from a five-year longitudinal federal experimental research project targeting Spanish- speaking English language learners (ELLs) receiving language services across four different program models: control/experimental structured English immersion (SEI) and control/experimental transitional bilingual education (TBE). The purpose of this study was to: (a) investigate the L2 oral reading fluency trajectories from grade 1 to grade 3 for a sample of Spanish-speaking ELL students participating for the fourth year in the enhanced/experimental TBE (TBE-E) and the enhanced/experimental SEI (SEI-E) program models; (b) investigate to what extent English (L2) initial oral reading fluency status impacts L2 reading fluency growth rate and (c) compare instructional models, SEI-E and TBE-E, in their ability to promote L2 oral reading fluency development. Participants consisted of 244 students with at least one time point of the six oral reading fluency measures used over the span of the three years. Structural equation modeling was utilized. A Piecewise growth model was specified and estimated. The time-invariant covariate of group membership was added to investigate whether there were statistically significant differences in L2 oral reading fluency development for ELLs in SEI-E and TBE-E. All three estimates were found to be not statistically significant. That is, variations on the average initial score and the growth trajectories at both stages of development were not attributed to students being in different program models. In regards to the impact the intercept had on the growth rates, the results show that there was no statistically significant relationship between the intercept and growth during the first timepiece, but there was a statistically significant relationship between intercept and growth on the second stage of development. The -0.506 estimate indicates a moderately strong statistically significant negative relationship between initial score and growth. Students with the lower scores on intercept, middle of grade 1, experienced the greater growth from end of grade 2 to the end of grade 3. The findings in this study support the existent literature that indicates non-linear trend of L2 ORF trajectories for ELLs. In this study, ELLs in SEI-E and TBE-E followed a two-stage linear oral reading fluency trajectory. Students on average were reading 21.270 word read correctly per minute, wcpm, at the initial status. The trajectory consisted of statistically significant positive linear growth for the first stage of development, with an average increase of 23.993 wcpm. Although there was a deceleration in growth rate from the first to the second stage in the trajectory, it still consisted of a statistically significant positive growth rate. ELLs in both groups were still making gains, but their growth rate decelerated past the middle of grade 2. On average students grew at a rate of 10.338 wcpm during this part of the trajectory. This study provides empirical evidence that when controlling for research-based intervention, native language instruction does not hinder the acquisition of English literacy development as it applies to the area of oral reading fluency development. Students in TBE-E were able to achieve the same levels of oral reading fluency in English while maintaining levels of proficiency in their native language

Summation of reinforcement rates when conditioned stimuli are presented in compound

Three experiments used delay conditioning of magazine approach in rats to examine the summation of responding when two conditioned stimuli (CSs) are presented together as a compound. The duration of each CS varied randomly from trial-to-trial around a mean that differed between the CSs. This meant that the rats’ response rate to each CS was systematically related to the reinforcement rate of that CS, but remained steady as time elapsed during the CS (Harris & Carpenter, in press; Harris, Gharaei, & Pincham, in press). When the rats were presented with a compound of two CSs that had been conditioned separately, they responded more during the compound than during either of the CSs individually. More significantly, however, in all three experiments, the rats responded to the compound at the same rate as they responded to a third CS that had been reinforced at a rate equal to the sum of the reinforcement rates of the two CSs in compound. We discuss the implications of this finding for associative models (e.g., Rescorla & Wagner, 1972) and rate-based models (Gallistel & Gibbon, 2000) of conditioning.Grant DP1092695 from the Australian Research Counci

Protein intake in early childhood and body composition at the age of 6 years: The Generation R Study

Public Health and primary carePrevention, Population and Disease management (PrePoD

Dietary Intake of Protein in Early Childhood Is Associated with Growth Trajectories between 1 and 9 Years of Age

Prevention, Population and Disease management (PrePoD)Public Health and primary car

INFANT MACRONUTRIENT INTAKE AND CARDIOVASCULAR STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION IN CHILDHOOD: THE GENERATION R STUDY

Prevention, Population and Disease management (PrePoD)Public Health and primary car