The Rocky Road from Experience to Expression of Emotions - Women’s Anger about Sexism

We investigated women’s anger expression in response to sexism. In three studies (Ns = 103, 317, and 241), we tested the predictions that women express less anger about sexism than they experience—the anger gap—and that the anger expressed by women is associated with instrumental concerns, specifically perceived costs and benefits of confronting sexism. To estimate the specificity of the proposed gap, we compared women’s anger reactions to men’s anger reactions as well as anger reactions to sadness reactions. Across studies, we found support for the anger gap, that is, lower anger expression than experience, and the gap was more pronounced for women than for men (Study 3). Surprisingly, a gap also occurred in sadness reactions. Regarding instrumental concerns, there was converging evidence that expressed anger was negatively associated with individual costs. We also investigated whether anger expression can be encouraged through women’s identification with feminists (Studies 1 and 2) and support by other women (Study 2); yet, we found no evidence. We conclude that, to understand women’s—and men’s—reactions to sexism, it is critical not to mistake their emotion expression for how they really feel, but instead to also consider strategic concerns. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-021-00081-7

On The Riviera

With Ukulele arrangement. Contains advertisements and/or short musical examples of pieces being sold by publisher.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/7107/thumbnail.jp

VLA observations of water masers towards 6.7 GHz methanol maser sources

22 GHz water and 6.7 GHz methanol masers are usually thought as signposts of early stages of high-mass star formation but little is known about their associations and the physical environments they occur in. The aim was to obtain accurate positions and morphologies of the water maser emission and relate them to the methanol maser emission recently mapped with Very Long Baseline Interferometry. A sample of 31 methanol maser sources was searched for 22 GHz water masers using the VLA and observed in the 6.7 GHz methanol maser line with the 32 m Torun dish simultaneously. Water maser clusters were detected towards 27 sites finding 15 new sources. The detection rate of water maser emission associated with methanol sources was as high as 71%. In a large number of objects (18/21) the structure of water maser is well aligned with that of the extended emission at 4.5 $\mu$m confirming the origin of water emission from outflows. The sources with methanol emission with ring-like morphologies, which likely trace a circumstellar disk/torus, either do not show associated water masers or the distribution of water maser spots is orthogonal to the major axis of the ring. The two maser species are generally powered by the same high-mass young stellar object but probe different parts of its environment. The morphology of water and methanol maser emission in a minority of sources is consistent with a scenario that 6.7 GHz methanol masers trace a disc/torus around a protostar while the associated 22 GHz water masers arise in outflows. The majority of sources in which methanol maser emission is associated with the water maser appears to trace outflows. The two types of associations might be related to different evolutionary phases.Comment: accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysic

Low-power transcutaneous current stimulator for wearable applications

BACKGROUND: Peripheral neuropathic desensitization associated with aging, diabetes, alcoholism and HIV/AIDS, affects tens of millions of people worldwide, and there is little or no treatment available to improve sensory function. Recent studies that apply imperceptible continuous vibration or electrical stimulation have shown promise in improving sensitivity in both diseased and healthy participants. This class of interventions only has an effect during application, necessitating the design of a wearable device for everyday use. We present a circuit that allows for a low-power, low-cost and small form factor implementation of a current stimulator for the continuous application of subthreshold currents. RESULTS: This circuit acts as a voltage-to-current converter and has been tested to drive + 1 to - 1 mA into a 60 k[Formula: see text] load from DC to 1 kHz. Driving a 60 k[Formula: see text] load with a 2 mA peak-to-peak 1 kHz sinusoid, the circuit draws less than 21 mA from a 9 V source. The minimum operating current of the circuit is less than 12 mA. Voltage compliance is ± 60 V with just 1.02 mA drawn by the high voltage current drive circuitry. The circuit was implemented as a compact 46 mm × 21 mm two-layer PCB highlighting its potential for use in a body-worn device. CONCLUSIONS: No design to the best of our knowledge presents comparably low quiescent power with such high voltage compliance. This makes the design uniquely appropriate for low-power transcutaneous current stimulation in wearable applications. Further development of driving and instrumentation circuitry is recommended

Energy Transition Dynamics; Understanding Policy Resistance in the Dutch Energy System

Contains fulltext : 127511pre.pdf (preprint version ) (Open Access)Various countries seek to establish an energy transition, a structural change towards a more sustainable energy system. Countries implement a combination of energy policies aimed at establishing an energy transition, but these policies frequently result in unintended negative consequences. This study provides an attempt to unravel the complexity of the Dutch energy transition. We present a model of the Dutch energy transition, showing its various components and their interrelations. The model is based on eight group model building workshops in which a total of 96 stakeholders in the Dutch energy transition participated. In each workshop, a variety of stakeholders engaged in the collaborative construction of a model that explains the current progress of the energy transition. In this paper, we aggregate these eight models into one overarching model, which we lay out step by step. The model shows how technological, ecological, social, economic, and political aspects of the energy transition influence each other either directly or indirectly. We discuss several policy implications, with a focus on reducing unintended negative consequences.32nd International Conference of the System Dynamics Societ

Cheatin\u27 On Me

With Ukulele arrangement. Contains advertisements and/or short musical examples of pieces being sold by publisher.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/6936/thumbnail.jp

The path of most resistance:How groups cope with implicit social identity threat

In een maatschappij die gekenmerkt wordt door sociale ongelijkheid, is het behoren tot sociale groepen niet altijd positief. Wanneer iemand tot een groep behoort die door de maatschappij als minderwaardig beschouwd wordt, kan dit leiden tot ervaringen van sociale devaluatie, zoals discriminatie of stereotypering. Hoe leden van achtergestelde groepen omgaan met zulke ervaringen is de centrale vraag die ten grondslag ligt aan dit proefschrift. Uit recent onderzoek is gebleken dat sociale devaluatie van achtergestelde groepen heel subtiele vormen kan aannemen, en zelf onderbewust kan plaatsvinden. Dit soort onderbewuste signalen van sociale devaluatie zijn bijzonder moeilijk te herkennen, en tot voor kort leek het dan ook alsof verzet hiertegen niet mogelijk was. In dit proefschrift onderzoeken wij de hypothese dat leden van achtergestelde groepen zich toch kunnen verzetten tegen onderbewuste signalen van sociale devaluatie. De empirische hoofdstukken laten inderdaad zien dat verzet tegen onderbewuste sociale devaluatie mogelijk is, en dat zulk verzet verschillende vormen kan aannemen. Blootstelling aan onderbewuste stereotypen kan mensen bijvoorbeeld motiveren om zich contra-stereotypisch te gedragen. Dit verzet wordt gedreven door identiteitsoverwegingen: onder vrouwen is verzet tegen impliciete devaluatie vooral zichtbaar bij degenen die zich sterk identificeren met feministen, maar niet met vrouwen als groep. Zo bezien kan verzet tegen subtiele devaluatie vergeleken worden met weerbaarheid in het lichamelijk immuunsysteem, dat ziekte voorkomt zonder noodzaak voor bewuste gewaarwording. Kortom, door aan te tonen dat men zich kan verzetten tegen onderbewuste signalen van sociale devaluatie, laat dit proefschrift zien dat leden van achtergestelde groepen weerbaarder zijn dan tot nu toe werd gedacht