433 research outputs found
First observational application of a connectivity--based helicity flux density
Measuring the magnetic helicity distribution in the solar corona can help in
understanding the trigger of solar eruptive events because magnetic helicity is
believed to play a key role in solar activity due to its conservation property.
A new method for computing the photospheric distribution of the helicity flux
was recently developed. This method takes into account the magnetic field
connectivity whereas previous methods were based on photospheric signatures
only. This novel method maps the true injection of magnetic helicity in active
regions. We applied this method for the first time to an observed active
region, NOAA 11158, which was the source of intense flaring activity. We used
high-resolution vector magnetograms from the SDO/HMI instrument to compute the
photospheric flux transport velocities and to perform a nonlinear force-free
magnetic field extrapolation. We determined and compared the magnetic helicity
flux distribution using a purely photospheric as well as a connectivity-based
method. While the new connectivity-based method confirms the mixed pattern of
the helicity flux in NOAA 11158, it also reveals a different, and more correct,
distribution of the helicity injection. This distribution can be important for
explaining the likelihood of an eruption from the active region. The
connectivity-based approach is a robust method for computing the magnetic
helicity flux, which can be used to study the link between magnetic helicity
and eruptivity of observed active regions.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures; published online in A&A 555, L6 (2013
Viral delivery of antioxidant genes as a therapeutic strategy in experimental models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no effective treatment to date. Despite its multi-factorial aetiology, oxidative stress is hypothesized to be one of the key pathogenic mechanisms. It is thus proposed that manipulation of the expression of antioxidant genes that are downregulated in the presence of mutant SOD1 may serve as a therapeutic strategy for motor neuronal protection. Lentiviral vectors expressing either PRDX3 or NRF2 genes were tested in the motor neuronal-like NSC34 cell line, and in the ALS tissue culture model, NSC34 cells expressing the human SOD1(G93A) mutation. The NSC34 SOD1(G93A) cells overexpressing either PRDX3 or NRF2 showed a significant decrease in endogenous oxidation stress levels by 40 and 50% respectively compared with controls, whereas cell survival was increased by 30% in both cases. The neuroprotective potential of those two genes was further investigated in vivo in the SOD1(G93A) ALS mouse model, by administering intramuscular injections of adenoassociated virus serotype 6 (AAV6) expressing either of the target genes at a presymptomatic stage. Despite the absence of a significant effect in survival, disease onset or progression, which can be explained by the inefficient viral delivery, the promising in vitro data suggest that a more widespread CNS delivery is needed
Quantifying the relationship between Moreton-Ramsey waves and "EIT waves" using observations of 4 homologous wave events
Freely-propagating global waves in the solar atmosphere are commonly observed
using Extreme UltraViolet passbands (EUV or "EIT waves"), and less regularly in
H-alpha (Moreton-Ramsey waves). Despite decades of research, joint observations
of EUV and Moreton-Ramsey waves remain rare, complicating efforts to quantify
the connection between these phenomena. We present observations of four
homologous global waves originating from the same active region between 28-30
March 2014 and observed using both EUV and H-alpha data. Each global EUV wave
was observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory, with the associated
Moreton-Ramsey waves identified using the Global Oscillations Network Group
(GONG) network. All of the global waves exhibit high initial velocity (e.g.,
842-1388 km s in the 193A passband) and strong deceleration (e.g., -1437
- -782 m s in the 193A passband) in each of the EUV passbands studied,
with the EUV wave kinematics exceeding those of the Moreton-Ramsey wave. The
density compression ratio of each global wave was estimated using both
differential emission measure and intensity variation techniques, with both
indicating that the observed waves were weakly shocked with a fast magnetosonic
Mach number slightly greater than one. This suggests that, according to current
models, the global coronal waves were not strong enough to produce
Moreton-Ramsey waves, indicating an alternative explanation for these
observations. Instead, we conclude that the evolution of the global waves was
restricted by the surrounding coronal magnetic field, in each case producing a
downward-angled wavefront propagating towards the north solar pole which
perturbed the chromosphere and was observed as a Moreton-Ramsey wave.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical
Journa
The 2013 February 17 sunquake in the context of the active region's magnetic field configuration
© 2017. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Sunquakes are created by the hydrodynamic response of the lower atmosphere to a sudden deposition of energy and momentum. In this study, we investigate a sunquake that occurred in NOAA active region 11675 on 2013 February 17. Observations of the corona, chromosphere, and photosphere are brought together for the first time with a nonlinear force-free model of the active region's magnetic field in order to probe the magnetic environment in which the sunquake was initiated. We find that the sunquake was associated with the destabilization of a flux rope and an associated M-class GOES flare. Active region 11675 was in its emergence phase at the time of the sunquake and photospheric motions caused by the emergence heavily modified the flux rope and its associated quasi-separatrix layers, eventually triggering the flux rope's instability. The flux rope was surrounded by an extended envelope of field lines rooted in a small area at the approximate position of the sunquake. We argue that the configuration of the envelope, by interacting with the expanding flux rope, created a “magnetic lens” that may have focussed energy on one particular location of the photosphere, creating the necessary conditions for the initiation of the sunquake
Flux cancellation and the evolution of the eruptive filament of 2011 June 7
We investigate whether flux cancellation is responsible for the formation of
a very massive filament resulting in the spectacular 2011 June 7 eruption. We
analyse and quantify the amount of flux cancellation that occurs in NOAA AR
11226 and its two neighbouring ARs (11227 & 11233) using line-of-sight
magnetograms from the Heliospheric Magnetic Imager. During a 3.6-day period
building up to the filament eruption, 1.7 x 10^21 Mx, 21% of AR 11226's maximum
magnetic flux, was cancelled along the polarity inversion line (PIL) where the
filament formed. If the flux cancellation continued at the same rate up until
the eruption then up to 2.8 x 10^21 Mx (34% of the AR flux) may have been built
into the magnetic configuration that contains the filament plasma. The large
flux cancellation rate is due to an unusual motion of the positive polarity
sunspot, which splits, with the largest section moving rapidly towards the PIL.
This motion compresses the negative polarity and leads to the formation of an
orphan penumbra where one end of the filament is rooted. Dense plasma threads
above the orphan penumbra build into the filament, extending its length, and
presumably injecting material into it. We conclude that the exceptionally
strong flux cancellation in AR 11226 played a significant role in the formation
of its unusually massive filament. In addition, the presence and coherent
evolution of bald patches in the vector magnetic field along the PIL suggests
that the magnetic field configuration supporting the filament material is that
of a flux rope.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures. Submitted to ApJ in December 2015, accepted in
June 201
Magnetic Helicity Estimations in Models and Observations of the Solar Magnetic Field. Part III: Twist Number Method
We study the writhe, twist and magnetic helicity of different magnetic flux
ropes, based on models of the solar coronal magnetic field structure. These
include an analytical force-free Titov--D\'emoulin equilibrium solution, non
force-free magnetohydrodynamic simulations, and nonlinear force-free magnetic
field models. The geometrical boundary of the magnetic flux rope is determined
by the quasi-separatrix layer and the bottom surface, and the axis curve of the
flux rope is determined by its overall orientation. The twist is computed by
the Berger--Prior formula that is suitable for arbitrary geometry and both
force-free and non-force-free models. The magnetic helicity is estimated by the
twist multiplied by the square of the axial magnetic flux. We compare the
obtained values with those derived by a finite volume helicity estimation
method. We find that the magnetic helicity obtained with the twist method
agrees with the helicity carried by the purely current-carrying part of the
field within uncertainties for most test cases. It is also found that the
current-carrying part of the model field is relatively significant at the very
location of the magnetic flux rope. This qualitatively explains the agreement
between the magnetic helicity computed by the twist method and the helicity
contributed purely by the current-carrying magnetic field.Comment: To be published in Ap
Coronal magnetic reconnection driven by CME expansion -- the 2011 June 7 event
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) erupt and expand in a magnetically structured
solar corona. Various indirect observational pieces of evidence have shown that
the magnetic field of CMEs reconnects with surrounding magnetic fields,
forming, e.g., dimming regions distant from the CME source regions. Analyzing
Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) observations of the eruption from AR 11226 on
2011 June 7, we present the first direct evidence of coronal magnetic
reconnection between the fields of two adjacent ARs during a CME. The
observations are presented jointly with a data-constrained numerical
simulation, demonstrating the formation/intensification of current sheets along
a hyperbolic flux tube (HFT) at the interface between the CME and the
neighbouring AR 11227. Reconnection resulted in the formation of new magnetic
connections between the erupting magnetic structure from AR 11226 and the
neighboring active region AR 11227 about 200 Mm from the eruption site. The
onset of reconnection first becomes apparent in the SDO/AIA images when
filament plasma, originally contained within the erupting flux rope, is
re-directed towards remote areas in AR 11227, tracing the change of large-scale
magnetic connectivity. The location of the coronal reconnection region becomes
bright and directly observable at SDO/AIA wavelengths, owing to the presence of
down-flowing cool, dense (10^{10} cm^{-3}) filament plasma in its vicinity. The
high-density plasma around the reconnection region is heated to coronal
temperatures, presumably by slow-mode shocks and Coulomb collisions. These
results provide the first direct observational evidence that CMEs reconnect
with surrounding magnetic structures, leading to a large-scale re-configuration
of the coronal magnetic field.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figure
Measuring the magnetic field of a trans-equatorial loop system using coronal seismology
Context. EIT waves are freely-propagating global pulses in the low corona which are strongly associated with the initial evolution of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). They are thought to be large-Amplitude, fast-mode magnetohydrodynamic waves initially driven by the rapid expansion of a CME in the low corona. Aims. An EIT wave was observed on 6 July 2012 to impact an adjacent trans-equatorial loop system which then exhibited a decaying oscillation as it returned to rest. Observations of the loop oscillations were used to estimate the magnetic field strength of the loop system by studying the decaying oscillation of the loop, measuring the propagation of ubiquitous transverse waves in the loop and extrapolating the magnetic field from observed magnetograms. Methods. Observations from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO/AIA) and the Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter (CoMP) were used to study the event. An Empirical Mode Decomposition analysis was used to characterise the oscillation of the loop system in CoMP Doppler velocity and line width and in AIA intensity. Results. The loop system was shown to oscillate in the 2nd harmonic mode rather than at the fundamental frequency, with the seismological analysis returning an estimated magnetic field strength of 5.5 ± 1.5 G. This compares to the magnetic field strength estimates of 1-9 G and 3-9 G found using the measurements of transverse wave propagation and magnetic field extrapolation respectively.Fil: Long, David M.. Colegio Universitario de Londres; Reino UnidoFil: Valori, G.. Colegio Universitario de Londres; Reino UnidoFil: Pérez-Suárez, D.. Colegio Universitario de Londres; Reino UnidoFil: Morton, R. J.. University Of Northumbria; Reino UnidoFil: Vasquez, Alberto Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; Argentin
Characteristics of Cultivated Adult Human Nevocellular Nevus Cells
Nevus cells are of biologic interest because of their uncertain relationship to epidermal melanocytes and of clinical interest because of their statistical association with melanoma. We report a technique that allows reliable cultivation of nevus cells from small acquired and congenital nevi and permits in vitro characterization of this cell type. Morphologically, cultured nevus cells were found to closely resemble epidermal melanocytes from the same or comparably aged donors, manifesting marked dendricity and specific ultrastructural features characteristic of melanocytes; but could be distinguished by the presence of occasional large binucleate or trinucleate cells and by the frequent finding of grouped melanosomes in nevus cell cytoplasm. Growth kinetics were also similar for nevus cells and epidermal melanocytes, with population doubling times of 1-2 weeks in hormone-supplemented serum-fre-medium, and substantial growth enhancement by fetal bovine serum. As previously noted for epidermal melanocytes, nevus cells in serum-free culture demonstrated striking substrate responsiveness, with far greater attachment rates and degree of cytoplasmic spreading on fibronectin or type I/III collagen than on laminin, type IV collage, or uncoated plastic. These strong similarities in vitro suggest that morphologic and behavioral differences observed between epidermal melanocytes and nevus cells in the skin may result from local environmental influences rather than from intrinsic cellular differences. The availability of a satisfactory culture system for nevus cells may facilitate future investigations into their malignant potential and other biologic features
Initiation of coronal mass ejections by sunspot rotation
We study a filament eruption, two-ribbon flare, and coronal mass ejection (CME) that occurred in NOAA Active Region 10898 on 6 July 2006. The filament was located South of a strong sunspot that dominated the region. In the evolution leading up to the eruption, and for some time after it, a counter-clockwise rotation of the sunspot of about 30 degrees was observed. We suggest that the rotation triggered the eruption by progressively expanding the magnetic field above the filament. To test this scenario, we study the effect of twisting the initially potential field overlying a pre-existing flux-rope, using three-dimensional zero-β MHD simulations. We first consider a relatively simple and symmetric system, and then study a more complex and asymmetric magnetic configuration, whose photospheric-flux distribution and coronal structure are guided by the observations and a potential field extrapolation. In both cases, we find that the twisting leads to the expansion of the overlying field. As a consequence of the progressively reduced magnetic tension, the flux-rope quasi-statically adapts to the changed environmental field, rising slowly. Once the tension is sufficiently reduced, a distinct second phase of evolution occurs where the flux-rope enters an unstable regime characterised by a strong acceleration. Our simulations thus suggest a new mechanism for the triggering of eruptions in the vicinity of rotating sunspots
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