Derecho del imputado a guardar silencio en el nuevo proceso penal

65 p.Uno de los objetivos de la Reforma Procesal Penal es el establecimiento de procedimientos penales respetuosos de los derechos fundamentales, tanto de las víctimas como del sujeto perseguido por la comisión del delito. Así, el Código Procesal Penal, incluyó dentro del catálogo de derechos y garantías que asegura al imputado, el derecho a guardar silencio, o, en caso de consentir en prestar declaración a no hacerlo bajo juramento. Al ser la primera vez que de forma expresa se establece este derecho, su ámbito de aplicación es poco claro, por lo tanto es importante caracterizarlo, para establecer su actual regulación y así lograr su mejor aplicación. Es por ello que esta memoria de grado está dirigida a obtener mediante el análisis documentos doctrinarios, las herramientas necesarias para alcanzar una caracterización de este derecho, que se traduzca en su acertada aplicación

Estilos de crianza y conducta agresiva en adolescentes de instituciones educativas del distrito de Laredo, 2021

El presente estudio tuvo el objetivo de determinar la relación entre los estilos de crianza y la conducta agresiva en adolescentes una institución educativa del distrito de Laredo, para ello se empleó un diseño descriptivo-correlacional, la muestra estuvo conformada por 113 adolescentes con edades entre 12 y 17 años. Los resultados reportan que los estilos de crianza Autoritario, Indulgente y Sobreprotector se relacionan de manera directa con la Agresividad física, Agresividad verbal, Ira y Hostilidad, ello implica que si se aumenta la frecuencia de uso de dichos estilos de crianza aumentará también la conducta agresiva del adolescente. Mientras que el estilo de crianza Democrático se relaciona de manera inversa con la Agresividad física, Agresividad verbal, Ira y Hostilidad, ello implica que si se aumenta la frecuencia de uso de este estilo de crianza disminuirá la conducta agresiva del adolescente. Así mismo, se identificó que el estilo de crianza más empleado es el Democrático, seguido del Autoritario y Sobreprotector, y en menor medida el Indulgente; mientras que la tendencia respecto a la conducta agresiva se ubica en el nivel medio. El estudio concluye afirmando que existen determinados estilos de crianza que influyen sobre la aparición o disminución de la conducta agresiva en los adolescentes

Variáveis associadas à identidade social satisfatória e seus efeitos diferenciais no essencialismo endo e exogrupal

Essentialism is the tendency to believe that social groups exist because their members share a common essence that determines them to be part of this group. The aim of this research was interested in determining the effect of three identity variables (ingroup’s valence, status, and stability of categorical membership) in essentialist perception about an ingroup and out-group. The design was experimental quasi experimental with post-test and control group. It evaluated the impact of independent variables in essentialist’s adhesion. Two hundred participants were selected and assigned in a random way to one of eight possible experimental conditions. Essentialism was measured by a scale in two versions; one for the ingroup and the other for an outgroup. The results show that in the case of in-group’s essentialism there was an interaction between valence and group status that implied that participants in the “positive and powerful” condition adhered more to essentialist beliefs than those in a “negative and powerful” condition. On the other hand, a second interaction between valence and stability showed that participants in a “negative and stable” condition, adhered more to essentialist beliefs than participants on a “negative and unstable” condition. These results are discussed in their relationship with results of previous studies and their potential contribution to the comprehension of the dynamic of essentialism. El esencialismo es la tendencia a creer que los grupos sociales existen porque sus miembros comparten una esencia común. El estudio se ocupa del efecto de tres variables sociales identitarias —valencia del endogrupo, estatus (poder) y estabilidad de la pertenencia— sobre las creencias esencialistas respecto al endogrupo y a un exogrupo relevante. Mediante un diseño cuasiexperimental, con posprueba únicamente y grupo control, se evaluó el impacto de las variables mencionadas respecto a la adherencia a creencias esencialistas en 200 participantes que fueron asignados aleatoriamente a cada una de las ocho condiciones experimentales. El esencialismo se midió mediante una escala con dos versiones (endo y exogrupo). Los resultados indican que para el caso del esencialismo endogrupal se observó una interacción entre valencia y estatus: los participantes en la condición “positiva y poderosa” adhirieron más a creencias esencialistas que aquellos en la condición “negativa y poderosa”. En el caso del exogrupo, las variables valencia y estabilidad interactuaron: aquellos en la condición “negativa y estable” adhirieron más a creencias esencialistas sobre el exogrupo que aquellos en la “negativa e inestable”. Se discuten estos resultados en torno a su aporte a la comprensión de la dinámica del esencialismo y sus repercusiones tanto intra como intergrupalmente. O Essencialismo é a tendência a acreditar que os grupos sociais existem porque seus membros compartem uma essência interna comum que os leva a ser da forma que são. O presente estudo ocupa-se do efeito de três variáveis sociais identitárias (qualidade do endogrupo, status e estabilidade da pertença categorial) sobre as crenças essencialistas respeito ao próprio grupo e a um exogrupo relevante. Mediante um plano experimental, quase experimental, com pós-prova unicamente e grupo controle, avaliou-se o impacto das variáveis antes mencionadas sobre a aderência a crenças essencialistas em 200 participantes selecionados mediante amostragem não aleatória, e que foram designados aleatoriamente a cada uma das 8 condições experimentais. O essencialismo foi medido mediante uma escala com duas versões, uma para o endo e outra para o exogrupo. Também mediram-se variáveis de processo: identificação com o grupo e percepção de similitude. Os resultados indicam que para o caso do essencialismo endogrupal observou-se uma interação entre qualidade e status que implicou que os participantes na condição “positiva e poderosa” aderiram mais a crenças essencialistas que aqueles na condição “negativa e poderosa”. No caso do exogrupo, as variáveis qualidade e estabilidade interatuaram de forma tal que os participantes na condição “negativa e estável” aderiram mais a crenças essencialistas sobre o exogrupo que aqueles em uma condição “negativa e instável”. Discutem-se estes resultados em sua vinculação com estudos prévios, e seu potencial significado para a compreensão da dinâmica do essencialismo e suas repercussões tanto no nível intragrupal quanto intergrupa

Preventive Leptin Administration Protects Against Sepsis Through Improving Hypotension, Tachycardia, Oxidative Stress Burst, Multiple Organ Dysfunction, and Increasing Survival

Sepsis syndrome is the most important cause of mortality in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). However, current therapies for its prevention and treatment are still unsatisfactory, and the mortality rate is still high. Non-septic ICU patients are vulnerable to acquire sepsis syndrome. Thus, a preventive treatment for this population is needed. During sepsis syndrome and endotoxemia, severe hypotension, tachycardia, oxidative and immune response increase, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and decreased survival are observed. Leptin administration protects against negative effects of sepsis syndrome and endotoxemia. Furthermore, it is has been reported that leptin elevates blood pressure mediated by sympathetic nervous system activation. However, whether leptin administration before sepsis induction mediates its protective effects during sepsis through blood pressure regulation is not known. Therefore, we investigated whether pre-treatment of leptin improves blood pressure and MODS, resulting in survival increase during endotoxemia. The results showed that leptin administration before endotoxemia induction reduced both the hypotension and tachycardia characteristically observed during endotoxemia. Notably, this protective effect was observed early and late in the course of endotoxemia. Endotoxemia-induced MODS decreased in leptin-treated rats, which was reflected in normal values for liver and kidney function, inhibition of muscle mass wasting and maintenance of glycemia. Furthermore, leptin pre-treatment decreased the oxidative stress burst in blood and blunted the increased pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 observed during endotoxemia. Remarkably, according to the leptin-induced increase in survival, leptin pre-administration decreased the risk for death associated with sepsis syndrome at early and late times after endotoxemia induction. These results show a potential preventive therapy against sepsis syndrome and endotoxemia in vulnerable patients, based in the beneficial actions of leptin

Influencia del cambio climático en el comportamiento de los caudales máximos en la zona Mediterránea de Chile

El presente estudio analizó la influencia del cambio climático en el comportamiento de los caudales punta en la Región Metropolitana, Región del Libertador Bernardo O`Higgins y la Región del Maule, en la zona central de Chile. Para ello, se utilizó la FDP de Gumbel, con la que se obtuvieron los mejores resultados para ajustar los caudales punta, los cuales se analizaron para los periodos de retorno de 10, 20, 30, 40 y 50 años. Se concluye, gracias a la segmentación de los datos a través de series en un periodo dado, que los caudales presentan una tendencia a registrar mayores valores en los periodos más actuales. Esto se visualizó con los valores promedio, gráficas de tendencia y ajustes de funciones de distribución de probabilidad. Finalmente se pudo evidenciar de manera gráfica y estadística que en los últimos años ha existido un aumento de los caudales máximos anuales, lo cual podría confirmar desde el punto de vista hidrológico procesos de cambio climático que de forma eventual han generado un mayor aporte de caudales a través de la disminución de las reservas de nieve y el retroceso glaciar por el aumento de las temperaturas

Modelling of the effect of ELMs on fuel retention at the bulk W divertor of JET

Effect of ELMs on fuel retention at the bulk W target of JET ITER-Like Wall was studied with multi-scale calculations. Plasma input parameters were taken from ELMy H-mode plasma experiment. The energetic intra-ELM fuel particles get implanted and create near-surface defects up to depths of few tens of nm, which act as the main fuel trapping sites during ELMs. Clustering of implantation-induced vacancies were found to take place. The incoming flux of inter-ELM plasma particles increases the different filling levels of trapped fuel in defects. The temperature increase of the W target during the pulse increases the fuel detrapping rate. The inter-ELM fuel particle flux refills the partially emptied trapping sites and fills new sites. This leads to a competing effect on the retention and release rates of the implanted particles. At high temperatures the main retention appeared in larger vacancy clusters due to increased clustering rate

Current Research into Applications of Tomography for Fusion Diagnostics

Retrieving spatial distribution of plasma emissivity from line integrated measurements on tokamaks presents a challenging task due to ill-posedness of the tomography problem and limited number of the lines of sight. Modern methods of plasma tomography therefore implement a-priori information as well as constraints, in particular some form of penalisation of complexity. In this contribution, the current tomography methods under development (Tikhonov regularisation, Bayesian methods and neural networks) are briefly explained taking into account their potential for integration into the fusion reactor diagnostics. In particular, current development of the Minimum Fisher Regularisation method is exemplified with respect to real-time reconstruction capability, combination with spectral unfolding and other prospective tasks

The role of ETG modes in JET-ILW pedestals with varying levels of power and fuelling

We present the results of GENE gyrokinetic calculations based on a series of JET-ITER-like-wall (ILW) type I ELMy H-mode discharges operating with similar experimental inputs but at different levels of power and gas fuelling. We show that turbulence due to electron-temperature-gradient (ETGs) modes produces a significant amount of heat flux in four JET-ILW discharges, and, when combined with neoclassical simulations, is able to reproduce the experimental heat flux for the two low gas pulses. The simulations plausibly reproduce the high-gas heat fluxes as well, although power balance analysis is complicated by short ELM cycles. By independently varying the normalised temperature gradients (omega(T)(e)) and normalised density gradients (omega(ne )) around their experimental values, we demonstrate that it is the ratio of these two quantities eta(e) = omega(Te)/omega(ne) that determines the location of the peak in the ETG growth rate and heat flux spectra. The heat flux increases rapidly as eta(e) increases above the experimental point, suggesting that ETGs limit the temperature gradient in these pulses. When quantities are normalised using the minor radius, only increases in omega(Te) produce appreciable increases in the ETG growth rates, as well as the largest increases in turbulent heat flux which follow scalings similar to that of critical balance theory. However, when the heat flux is normalised to the electron gyro-Bohm heat flux using the temperature gradient scale length L-Te, it follows a linear trend in correspondence with previous work by different authors

Spectroscopic camera analysis of the roles of molecularly assisted reaction chains during detachment in JET L-mode plasmas

The roles of the molecularly assisted ionization (MAI), recombination (MAR) and dissociation (MAD) reaction chains with respect to the purely atomic ionization and recombination processes were studied experimentally during detachment in low-confinement mode (L-mode) plasmas in JET with the help of experimentally inferred divertor plasma and neutral conditions, extracted previously from filtered camera observations of deuterium Balmer emission, and the reaction coefficients provided by the ADAS, AMJUEL and H2VIBR atomic and molecular databases. The direct contribution of MAI and MAR in the outer divertor particle balance was found to be inferior to the electron-atom ionization (EAI) and electron-ion recombination (EIR). Near the outer strike point, a strong atom source due to the D+2-driven MAD was, however, observed to correlate with the onset of detachment at outer strike point temperatures of Te,osp = 0.9-2.0 eV via increased plasma-neutral interactions before the increasing dominance of EIR at Te,osp < 0.9 eV, followed by increasing degree of detachment. The analysis was supported by predictions from EDGE2D-EIRENE simulations which were in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations