Evaluación de los efectos del cepillado dental sobre la cerámica de disilicato de litio

Introducción: En los últimos años la cerámica vítrea a base de disilicato de litio hademostrado tener adecuadas propiedades de resistencia, fluorescencia, opalescencia y translucidez, que le han permitido adaptarse y mimetizar la estructura natural del diente. Siendo características indispensables la mimetización del color y la estabilidad a largo plazo a los cambios químicos y mecánicos que suceden en el medioambiente bucal. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos del cepillado dental sobre la superficie de cerámica de disilicato de litio CAD/CAM procesada con 3 técnicas diferentes de elaboración, y expuestas al cepillado en lapsos de 5, 10 y 15 años. Metodología: Se analizaron 30 muestras de cerámica de disilicato de litio IPS e-max CAD®, en forma de cubo. Se dividieron en 3 grupos de acuerdo con su fabricación: Grupo 1.- Cristalización en una cocción, aplicación de maquillaje segunda cocción + glaseado en tercera cocción. Grupo 2.- Cristalización en una cocción, maquillaje y glaseado juntos en una segunda cocción y Grupo 3.- Cristalización, maquillaje y glaseado juntos en una sola cocción. Las muestras fueron cepilladas usando la maquina de cepillado multiestación, utilizando el dentífrico Colgate original y el cepillo dental Oral B #35 suave. El análisis de cambio de color se realizó con un sistema de visión multiespectrum y para valorar la superficie y textura de la muestra se uso un sistema de medición 3D de área amplia. Resultados: Los valores en la desviación estándar muestran una ligera disminución en el valor del color independiente del protocolo de fabricación a través de los años, los cambios observados en el cepillado a 15 años son estadísticamente significativos (p=0.014). Respecto a la rugosidad mostro cambio significativos (p=0.044) en la rugosidad media inicial entre los grupos siendo mayo en el grupo 2. Conclusión: En los resultados obtenidos se puede observar la influencia del cepillado dental sobre las superficies de las cerámicas de disilicato de litio (IPS e.max CAD Ivoclar Vivadent), ya que el cepillado en lapsos de 5, 10 y 15 años afectó la estabilidad del color independientemente del protocolo de fabricación, sin embargo, solo los resultados del cepillado a 15 años fueron estadísticamente significativos

Impacts of California Proposition 47 on Crime in Santa Monica, CA

We examine crime patterns in Santa Monica, California before and after passage of Proposition 47, a 2014 initiative that reclassified some non-violent felonies to misdemeanors. We also study how the 2016 opening of four new light rail stations, and how more community-based policing starting in late 2018, impacted crime. A series of statistical analyses are performed on reclassified (larceny, fraud, possession of narcotics, forgery, receiving/possessing stolen property) and non-reclassified crimes by probing publicly available databases from 2006 to 2019. We compare data before and after passage of Proposition 47, city-wide and within eight neighborhoods. Similar analyses are conducted within a 450 meter radius of the new transit stations. Reports of monthly reclassified crimes increased city-wide by approximately 15% after enactment of Proposition 47, with a significant drop observed in late 2018. Downtown exhibited the largest overall surge. The reported incidence of larceny intensified throughout the city. Two new train stations, including Downtown, reported significant crime increases in their vicinity after service began. While the number of reported reclassified crimes increased after passage of Proposition 47, those not affected by the new law decreased or stayed constant, suggesting that Proposition 47 strongly impacted crime in Santa Monica. Reported crimes decreased in late 2018 concurrent with the adoption of new policing measures that enhanced outreach and patrolling. These findings may be relevant to law enforcement and policy-makers. Follow-up studies needed to confirm long-term trends may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic that drastically changed societal conditions.Comment: 41 pages, 19 figure

Evaluating the probability of silent circulation of polio in small populations using the silent circulation statistic.

As polio-endemic countries move towards elimination, infrequent first infections and incomplete surveillance make it difficult to determine when the virus has been eliminated from the population. Eichner and Dietz [American Journal of Epidemiology, 143, 8 (1996)] proposed a model to estimate the probability of silent polio circulation depending upon when the last paralytic case was detected. Using the same kind of stochastic model they did, we additionally model waning polio immunity in the context of isolated, small, and unvaccinated populations. We compare using the Eichner and Dietz assumption of an initial case at the start of the simulation to a more accurate determination that observes the first case. The former estimates a higher probability of silent circulation in small populations, but this effect diminishes with increasing model population. We also show that stopping the simulation after a specific time estimates a lower probability of silent circulation than when all replicates are run to extinction, though this has limited impact on small populations. Our extensions to the Eichner and Dietz work improve the basis for decisions concerning the probability of silent circulation. Further model realism will be needed for accurate silent circulation risk assessment

MULHERES INDÍGENAS EM TEMPOS PANDÊMICOS NA AMAZÔNIA EQUATORIANA

The government necropolitics of the Ecuadorian State contributes to suffering and death in the Amazon, as part of an ethnocidal and ecocidal exercise. In the midst of the pandemic, the State violates rights and lets people die, assuming the disposability of indigenous peoples and territories by not guaranteeing them health care, and denying them comprehensive reparation measures in the face of oil pollution and other environmental disasters.The article, from the voices of indigenous women, delves into the effects that their communities experience, the inaction of the State, and the strategies that their organizations act to demand justice and attention. Ancestral knowledge and healing practices have been the strategy to preserve lifeLa necropolítica gubernamental del Estado ecuatoriano coadyuva al padecimiento y muerte en la Amazonía, como parte de un ejercicio etnocida y ecocida. En medio de la pandemia, el Estado vulnera derechos y deja morir, asumiendo la desechabilidad de territorios y pueblos indígenas al no garantizarles atención en salud, y negarles medidas de reparación integral ante la contaminación petrolera y otros desastres ambientales. El artículo, desde las voces de mujeres indígenas, profundiza en las afectaciones que experimentan sus comunidades, la inacción del Estado, y las estrategias que accionan desde sus organizaciones para exigir justicia y atención. Los conocimientos ancestrales y las prácticas curativas han sido la estrategia para preservar la vida.A necropolítica governamental do Estado equatoriano contribui para o sofrimento e a morte na Amazônia, como parte de um exercício etnocida e ecocida. Em meio à pandemia, o Estado viola direitos e deixa pessoas morrerem, assumindo a disposição dos povos e territórios indígenas, não garantindo saúde, e negando-lhes medidas integrais de reparação em face da poluição por óleo e outros desastres ambientais. O artigo, a partir das vozes das mulheres indígenas, investiga os efeitos que vivenciam suas comunidades, a inação do Estado e as estratégias que suas organizações atuam para exigir justiça e atenção. O conhecimento ancestral e as práticas de cura têm sido a estratégia para preservar a vida

Linkage mapping of the Phg-1 and Co-14 genes for resistance to angular leaf spot and anthracnose in the common bean cultivar AND 277

The Andean common bean AND 277 has the Co-14 and the Phg-1 alleles that confer resistance to 21 and eight races, respectively, of the anthracnose (ANT) and angular leaf spot (ALS) pathogens. Because of its broad resistance spectrum, Co-14 is one of the main genes used in ANT resistance breeding. Additionally, Phg-1 is used for resistance to ALS. In this study, we elucidate the inheritance of the resistance of AND 277 to both pathogens using F2 populations from the AND 277 × Rudá and AND 277 × Ouro Negro crosses and F2:3 families from the AND 277 × Ouro Negro cross. Rudá and Ouro Negro are susceptible to all of the above races of both pathogens. Co-segregation analysis revealed that a single dominant gene in AND 277 confers resistance to races 65, 73, and 2047 of the ANT and to race 63-23 of the ALS pathogens. Co-14 and Phg-1 are tightly linked (0.0 cM) on linkage group Pv01. Through synteny mapping between common bean and soybean we also identified two new molecular markers, CV542014450 and TGA1.1570, tagging the Co-14 and Phg-1 loci. These markers are linked at 0.7 and 1.3 cM, respectively, from the Co-14/Phg-1 locus in coupling phase. The analysis of allele segregation in the BAT 93/Jalo EEP558 and California Dark Red Kidney/Yolano recombinant populations revealed that CV542014450 and TGA1.1570 segregated in the expected 1:1 ratio. Due to the physical linkage in cis configuration, Co-14 and Phg-1 are inherited together and can be monitored indirectly with the CV542014450 and TGA1.1570 markers. These results illustrate the rapid discovery of new markers through synteny mapping. These markers will reduce the time and costs associated with the pyramiding of these two disease resistance genes

Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 viremia is associated with genetic variants of genes related to COVID-19 pathogenesis

IntroductionSARS-CoV-2 viral load has been related to COVID-19 severity. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viremia and SNPs in genes previously studied by our group as predictors of COVID-19 severity.Materials and methodsRetrospective observational study including 340 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in the University Hospital La Princesa between March 2020 and December 2021, with at least one viremia determination. Positive viremia was considered when viral load was above the quantifiable threshold (20 copies/ml). A total of 38 SNPs were genotyped. To study their association with viremia a multivariate logistic regression was performed.ResultsThe mean age of the studied population was 64.5 years (SD 16.6), 60.9% patients were male and 79.4% white non-Hispanic. Only 126 patients (37.1%) had at least one positive viremia. After adjustment by confounders, the presence of the minor alleles of rs2071746 (HMOX1; T/T genotype OR 9.9 p < 0.0001), rs78958998 (probably associated with SERPING1 expression; A/T genotype OR 2.3, p = 0.04 and T/T genotype OR 12.9, p < 0.0001), and rs713400 (eQTL for TMPRSS2; C/T + T/T genotype OR 1.86, p = 0.10) were associated with higher risk of viremia, whereas the minor alleles of rs11052877 (CD69; A/G genotype OR 0.5, p = 0.04 and G/G genotype OR 0.3, p = 0.01), rs2660 (OAS1; A/G genotype OR 0.6, p = 0.08), rs896 (VIPR1; T/T genotype OR 0.4, p = 0.02) and rs33980500 (TRAF3IP2; C/T + T/T genotype OR 0.3, p = 0.01) were associated with lower risk of viremia.ConclusionGenetic variants in HMOX1 (rs2071746), SERPING1 (rs78958998), TMPRSS2 (rs713400), CD69 (rs11052877), TRAF3IP2 (rs33980500), OAS1 (rs2660) and VIPR1 (rs896) could explain heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 viremia in our population

Corrigendum to “Silent circulation of poliovirus in small populations” [Infectious Disease Modeling 2 (2017) 431–440]

An error in a previous publication in the calculation of the average age at first infection for the model is corrected here. The average age at first infection for the effective contact rates used to generate the data ranges from 1.2 to 3.3 years of age instead of 3–5 years of age as advertised in the previous version of the paper. This change has an effect on the force of infection generated by this model. In this corrigendum, we demonstrate the correct method to calculate the average age at first infection for the model. We compare the forces of infection that correspond to these ages in our model with the forces of infection in other endemic populations. We show that the modified age range corresponds to forces of infection which are higher than those that are known to exist in historical studies of polio-endemic regions. Thus, the results in the paper have limited applicability to real-world endemic situations. Keywords: Poliovirus, Silent circulation, Acute flaccid paralysis surveillance, Microsimulation model, Gillespie algorith

Silent circulation of poliovirus in small populations

Background: Small populations that have been isolated by conflict make vaccination and surveillance difficult, threatening polio eradication. Silent circulation is caused by asymptomatic infections. It is currently not clear whether the dynamics of waning immunity also influence the risk of silent circulation in the absence of vaccination. Such circulation can, nevertheless, be present following a declaration of elimination as a result of inadequate acute flaccid paralysis surveillance (AFPS) or environmental surveillance (ES). Methods: We have constructed a stochastic model to understand how stochastic effects alter the ability of small populations to sustain virus circulation in the absence of vaccination. We analyzed how the stochastic process determinants of the duration of silent circulation that could have been detected by ES were affected by R0, waning dynamics, population size, and AFPS sensitivity in a discrete individual stochastic model with homogeneous contagiousness and random mixing. We measured the duration of silent circulation both by the interval between detected acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases and the duration of circulation until elimination. Results: As R0 increased and population size increased, the interval between detected AFP cases and the duration of circulation until elimination increased. As AFPS detection rates decreased, the interval between detected AFP cases increased. There was up to a 22% chance of silent circulation lasting for more than 3 years with 100% AFP detection. The duration of silent circulation was not affected by the waning immunity dynamics. Conclusion: We demonstrated that small populations have the potential to sustain prolonged silent circulation. Surveillance in these areas should be intensified before declaring elimination. To further validate these conclusions, it is necessary to realistically relax the simplifying assumptions about mixing and waning

Effect of Population Partitioning on the Probability of Silent Circulation of Poliovirus.

Polio can circulate unobserved in regions that are challenging to monitor. To assess the probability of silent circulation, simulation models can be used to understand transmission dynamics when detection is unreliable. Model assumptions, however, impact the estimated probability of silent circulation. Here, we examine the impact of having distinct populations, rather than a single well-mixed population, with a discrete-individual model including environmental surveillance. We show that partitioning a well-mixed population into networks of distinct communities may result in a higher probability of silent circulation as a result of the time it takes for the detection of a circulation event. Population structure should be considered when assessing polio control in a region with many loosely interacting communities

A Mathematic Model That Describes Modes of MdSGHV Transmission within House Fly Populations

In this paper it is proposed that one potential component by which the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) infects individual flies is through cuticular damage. Breaks in the cuticle allow entry of the virus into the hemocoel causing the infection. Male flies typically have a higher rate of infection and a higher rate of cuticular damage than females. A model for the transmission of MdSGHV was formulated assuming several potential and recognized means of transmission. The model yields results that are in agreement with field data that measured the infection rate in house flies on dairy farms in Florida. The results from this model indicate that MdSGHV will be maintained at a stable rate within house fly populations and support the future use of MdSGHV as a birth control agent in house fly management