Hacia una conformación histórica de la Didáctica de la Lengua y la Literatura.

La Didáctica de la Lengua y la Literatura es un área de conocimiento nueva y necesita ir asentándose tanto desde cl punto de vista científico como metodológico. Hasta ahora se había ido desenvolviendo por dos caminos distintos: por un lado el teórico y por otro el práctico. Lo que pretendemos con este trabajo es, precisamente, contribuir a la conformación histórica de esta disciplina, presentando el paradigma en el que se mueve en la actualidad y analizando cuál ha sido su trayectoria anterior De esta manera queremos sentar las bases de lo que debería ser, a partir de ahora, esta Didáctica específica y para ello no olvidamos cuál es su objetivo y en qué otras materias científicas deberá ir apoyándose.The methodology of language and literature is a new field that has to be consolidated both from a scientific and a practical perspective. Up until recently it had been developed along two different lines: a theoretical and a practical one. This paper is intended as a contribution to the historical grounding of the discipline. To that end, the paradigm in which it is currently situated is discussed and its previous tendencies are analyzed. By doing so, we expect to lay tbe foundations Didáctica, 10, 215-231. Servicio de Publicaciones UCM. Madrid, 1998 216 Amando López Valero of what this specific methodology ought to be, as well as what supporting disciplines it should to be based on

El carácter social del lenguaje y su función vertebradora del pensamiento: la transposición didáctica traducida en el Taller de Lengua y Literatura.

El lenguaje es algo tan familiar para las personas, que, tal vez por ello, no se detienen a reflexionar sobre la importancia del mismo. Desde este artículo se trata de exponer su carácter social y su labor como elemento vertebrador del pensamiento humano, estos dos axiomas influyen de un modo notable en el modo de vida de las personas y, en consecuencia, en el tipo de sociedad que éstas conforman. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que a un mayor desarrollo de las destrezas ungúisticas de las personas, se construirá una sociedad más avanzada, se busca un modelo de enseñanza acorde con tal premisa. Ese modelo lo hallamos en la enseñanza crítica y, concretamente, en la transposición didáctica que suponen los Talleres de Lengua y Literatura. A través de su análisis, justificaremos nuestro posicionamiento

Simulation to recover niobium and tantalum from the tin slags of the old penouta mine: A case study

Demand for niobium and tantalum is increasing exponentially as these are essential ingre-dients for the manufacture of, among others, capacitors in technological devices and ferroniobium. Mine tailings rich in such elements could constitute an important source of Nb and Ta in the future and alleviate potential supply risks. This paper evaluates the possibility of recovering niobium and tantalum from the slags generated during the tin beneficiation process of mine tailings from the old Penouta mine, located in Spain. To do so, a simulation of the processes required to bene-ficiate and refine both elements is carried out. After carbothermic tin reduction, the slags are sent to a hydrometallurgical process where niobium oxide and tantalum oxide are obtained at the end. Reagents, water, and energy consumption, in addition to emissions, effluents, and product yields, are assessed. Certain factors were identified as critical, and recirculation was encouraged in the model to maximise production and minimise reagents’ use and wastes. With this simulation, considering 3000 production hours per year, the metal output from the tailings of the old mine could cover around 1% and 7.4% of the world annual Nb and Ta demand, respectively. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Estadística Descriptiva y Probabilidad: (Teoría y problemas)

XXXIV, 261 p. ; 24 cm.Libro ElectrónicoÍndice Bibliografía: p. [256]-258 Manual para alumnos de titulaciones experimentales que proporciona una visión práctica e intuitiva de la estadística descriptiva y el cálculo de probabilidades, campos básicos y fundamentales de la ciencia estadísticaLibro : Español (spa) : 3a. edIndice general Prólogo XIII 1. Introducción XIII 2. History (Histórico) XV 3. Licencia de Documentación Libre de GNU XVI 4. GNU Free Documentation License XXVI A Estadística Descriptiva 1 1 Síntesis de la información 7 1. Rese˜na histórica 7 2. La organización de la información 9 3. Representaciones grá?cas 15 4. Medidas centrales 17 5. Medidas de posición 26 6. Medidas de dispersión 27 7. Desigualdad de Tchebychev 31 8. Momentos de la distribución 31 9. Medidas de forma 33 10. Transformaciones 36 11. Análisis exploratorio de datos 37 12. Ejercicios 40 2 Análisis conjunto de variables. 53 1. Distribución conjunta de dos caracteres 53 2. Distribuciones marginales 55 3. Distribuciones condicionadas 55 4. Independencia 60 5. Medidas de dependencia. Coeficientes de relación 61 6. Ejercicios 78 3 Ajuste y regresión bidimensional 89 1. Introducción 89 2. Ajuste. Criterio de los mínimos cuadrados 91 3. Análisis de la bondad del ajuste 97 4. Regresión. Método de regresión a la media 100 5. Análisis de la bondad de la regresión 102 6. Notas y conclusiones 104 7. Ejercicios 105 B Probabilidad 113 4 Teoría de la probabilidad 117 1. Evolución histórica 117 2. Conjuntos. Operaciones 120 3. Algebra de sucesos 122 4. Distintas de?niciones del concepto de probabilidad 126 5. Propiedades de la función de probabilidad 129 6. Probabilidad condicionada. Independencia 131 7. Dependencia e independencia 132 8. Teorema de la probabilidad total. Teorema de Bayes 133 9. Ejercicios 136 5 Variable aleatoria 145 1. Concepto 145 2. Variables discretas y continuas 146 3. Variables unidimensionales 147 4. Variables multidimensionales 161 5. Ejercicios 173 6 Algunos modelos probabilísticos 185 1. Distribución uniforme discreta 185 2. Experimento de Bernouilli 186 3. Distribución hipergeométrica 191 4. Proceso de Poisson 192 5. Distribución uniforme continua 195 6. Distribución normal 197 7. Relación entre binomial, Poisson y normal 200 8. Teorema central del límite 201 9. Distribución gamma 202 10. Distribución beta 203 11. Distribución de Cauchy 204 12. Distribuciones derivadas de la normal 206 13. Distribución de Laplace 210 14. Distribución logística 211 15. Distribución de Pareto 211 16. Algunos modelos multidimensionales 212 17. Ejercicios 215 A Combinatoria 225 1. Introducción 225 2. Variaciones con repetición 225 3. Variaciones 226 4. Permutaciones 226 5. Permutaciones con repetición 226 6. Combinaciones sin repetición 227 7. Combinaciones con repetición 228 8. Ejercicios 228 B Tablas Estadísticas 233 C Bibliografía 25

Projecting more sustainable product and service designs

Product and service development based on sustainable criteria is one of the poles of innovation in design activity. Public policies, consumer preferences, and corporate social responsibility lead to the growing importance of applying sustainability principles in the current design process. However, to make this practice widespread, sustainability assessment must be included in the curricula of bachelor’s and master’s degrees in design, so that the graduates have the precise tools to use when they start their professional careers. Furthermore, sustainable design methods have mainly been applied to improve only the environmental behavior of products. In this work, a methodology that simultaneously evaluates environmental, economic, and social aspects was applied to project more sustainable designs of products and services. This approach was implemented in higher education to develop Bachelor’s and Master’s degree final projects by design engineering students. Collaboration with different companies and institutions allowed the study of a number of cases. The production process of a cash management machine, the service provided by a public nursery school, and the development of an itinerary exhibition were addressed. In each case, product and service requirements were analyzed, sustainability indicators were obtained, and more sustainable designs could be proposed. This experience is also part of a global strategy at the University of Zaragoza to support the implementation of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, enhancing sustainability education. The intention of this paper is to present a methodology for more sustainable design, and examples of its application that other teachers can easily follow when teaching design of products or services. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Sustainability in the design of an itinerant cultural exhibition. Study of two alternatives

The sustainability improvement of museums and exhibitions is a recent concern for multiple organisations. The application of sustainability criteria is one of the most important strategies of innovation in design activities, products, and service systems. This study analyses the sustainability of two alternatives to an itinerant cultural exhibition service. The exhibition travels to 12 destinations over 3 years and is within a space of 300 m2. In the first alternative, the contents are printed and exposed on a physical medium, and in the second, audiovisual media projects the contents on the walls. Life cycle sustainability assessment is applied to evaluate the impacts in the environmental dimension and the economic and social dimensions. The calculation of indicators, such as the greenhouse gas emissions, total costs, and working time, which are referred to each sustainability dimension, is conducted. A descriptive, comparative study was performed to identify the impact factors with a higher incidence. The results demonstrate that the audiovisual exhibition is more sustainable than the printed exhibition, with a difference of 8.7%, 7%, and 6.6% in GWP100, CE, and TW indicators, respectively. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Microencapsulation of cerium and its application in sol-gel coatings for the corrosion protection of aluminum alloy AA2024

[EN] Cerium-containing microcapsules were obtained by means of water/oil (W/O) emulsion technology using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the precursor. Synthesis parameters as water/ethanol molar ratio, surfactant concentration, temperature, synthesis time, were optimized to obtain microcapsules with adequate form and size. Cerium salt is a corrosion inhibitor. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to characterize the microcapsules and EDS and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis to assess encapsulation of cerium. The synthesized microcapsules were incorporated in the sol-gel coating that was sprayed on AA2024 aluminum alloy. The morphology of the sol-gel coating and the distribution of the microcapsules were investigated by SEM and EDX and the corrosion resistance of the coated samples was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit potential measurements. Cerium microcapsules can act as Ce nanoreservoirs blocking defects produced in the organic-inorganic hybrid coating by precipitating Ce oxide/ hydroxide and nanoloads slowing the diffusion of redox species to the aluminum surface. Higher corrosion resistance was obtained with microencapsulation of cerium than with nonencapsulated cerium.Authors wish to thank to the Instituto Valenciano de Competitividad Empresarial (IVACE) (project reference IMAMCC/2016/1) for the financial support. Electron Microscopy Service of the UPV (Universitat Politecnica de Valencia) is gratefully acknowledged for help with FESEM and EDX characterization.Valero-Gómez, A.; Molina Puerto, J.; Pradas, S.; López-Tendero, MJ.; Bosch, F. (2020). Microencapsulation of cerium and its application in sol-gel coatings for the corrosion protection of aluminum alloy AA2024. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 93(1):36-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-019-05151-8S3651931Nace International, International measures of prevention, application, and economics of corrosion technology study (2016). http://impact.nace.org/documents/Nace-International-Report.pdf . Accessed 12 Apr 2019.Yadla SV, Sridevi V, Lakshmi MVVC, Kumari SPK (2012) A review on corrosion of metals and protection. Int J Eng Sci Adv Technol 2:637–644Dariva CG, Galio AF (2014) Corrosion inhibitors – principles, mechanisms and applications. In: Aliofkhazraei M (ed), Developments in Corrosion Protection. InTech, London. https://www.intechopen.com/books/developments-in-corrosion-protection/corrosion-inhibitors-principles-mechanisms-and-applicationsRani BEA, Basu BBJ (2012) Green inhibitors for corrosion protection of metals and alloys: an overview. Int J Corros 2012:380217. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijc/2012/380217/Gece G (2012) Drugs: a review of promising novel corrosion inhibitors. Corros Sci 53:3873–3898Raja PB, Sethuraman MG (2008) Natural products as corrosion inhibitor for metals in corrosive media—a review. Mater Lett 62:113–116Umoren SA, Solomon MM (2017) Synergistic corrosion inhibition effect of metal cations and mixtures of organic compounds: a review. J. Environ Chem Eng 5:246–273Ivušić F, Lahodny-Šarc O, Curković HO, Alar V (2015) The synergistic inhibition of carbon steel corrosion in seawater by cerium chloride and sodium gluconate. Corros Sci 98:88–97Yasakau KA, Zheludkevich ML, Lamaka SV, Ferreira MGS (2006) Mechanism of corrosion inhibition of AA2024 by rare-earth compounds. J Phys Chem B 110:5515–5528Hughes AE, Mol JMC, Cole IS (2015) Coatings for corrosion prevention based on rare earths. In: M Forsyth, B Hinton (ed), Rare earth-based corrosion inhibitors. Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, Cambridge. https://www.elsevier.com/books/rare-earth-based-corrosion-inhibitors/forsyth/978-0-85709-347-9Figueira RB, Silva CJR, Pereira EV (2015) Organic–inorganic hybrid sol–gel coatings for metal corrosion protection: a review of recent progress. J Coat Technol Res 12:1–35Danks AE, Hall SR, Schnepp Z (2016) The evolution of ‘sol–gel’ chemistry as a technique for materials synthesis. Mater Horiz 3:91–112Kumar N, Subasri R (2012) Corrosion protection and self-healing by sol-gel process: a review of recent patent literature. Recent Pat Corros Sci 2:148–163Montemor MF (2014) Functional and smart coatings for corrosion protection: a review of recent advances. Surf Coat Technol 258:17–37Palomino LM, Suegama PH, Aoki IV, Montemor MF, De Melo HG (2009) Electrochemical study of modified cerium–silane bi-layer on Al alloy 2024-T3. Corros Sci 51:1238–1250Hammer P, Schiavetto MG, dos Santos FC, Benedetti AV, Pulcinelli SH, Santilli CV (2010) Improvement of the corrosion resistance of polysiloxane hybrid coatings by cerium doping. J Non-Cryst Solids 356:2606–2612Suegama PH, Sarmento VHV, Montemor MF, Benedetti AV, de Melo HG, Aoki IV, Santilli CV (2010) Effect of cerium (IV) ions on the anticorrosion properties of siloxane-poly(methyl methacrylate) based film applied on tin coated steel. Electrochim Acta 55:5100–5109Capelossi VR, Aoki IV (2013) Influence of sonication on anticorrosion properties of a sulfursilane film dopped with Ce (IV) on galvannealed steel. Prog Org Coat 76:812–820Paussa L, Rosero NC, Navarro NC, Bravin D, Andreatta F, Lanzutti A, Aparicio M, Durán A, Fedrizzi L (2012) ZrO2 sol–gel pre-treatments doped with cerium nitrate for the corrosion protection of AA6060. Prog Org Coat 74:311–319Silva FS, Suegama PH, Silva WP, Rinaldi AW, Domingues NLC, Matsumoto MY, Salazar LG (2015) Effect of different dopants in films TEOS/MPTS used to protect the carbon steel. Mater Sci Forum 805:167–171Rosero-Navarro NC, Pellice SA, Durán A, Aparicio M (2008) Effects of Ce-containing sol–gel coatings reinforced with SiO2 nanoparticles on the protection of AA2024. Corros Sci 50:1283–1291Naderi R, Fedel M, Deflorian F, Poelman M, Olivier M (2013) Synergistic effect of clay nanoparticles and cerium component on the corrosion behavior of eco-friendly silane sol–gel layer applied on pure aluminum. Surf Coat Technol 224:93–100Zadeh MA, Garcia SJ, van der Zwaag S (2013) Routes to extrinsic and intrinsic self-healing corrosion protective sol-gel coatings: a review. Self Heal Mater 1:1–18Matsuda T, Jadhav N, Kashi KB, Jensen M, Suryawanshi A, Gellinga VJ (2016) Self-healing ability and particle size effect of encapsulated cerium nitrate into pH sensitive microcapsules. Prog Org Coat 90:425–430Abourayana HM, Dowling DP (2015) Plasma processing for tailoring the surface properties of polymers. In: Aliofkhazraei M (ed), Surface energy. InTech, London. https://www.intechopen.com/books/surface-energyZille A, Oliveira FR, Souto AP (2015) Plasma treatment in textile industry. Plasma Process Polym 12:98–131Williams DF, Kellar EJC, Jesson DA, Watts JF (2017) Surface analysis of 316 stainless steel treated with cold atmospheric plasma. Appl Surf Sci 403:240–247Kim MC, Yang SH, Boo J-H, Han JG (2003) Surface treatment of metals using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet and their surface characteristics. Surf Coat Technol 174–175:839–844Ciriminna R, Sciortino M, Alonzo G, de Schrijver A, Pagliaro M (2011) From molecules to systems: sol-gel microencapsulation in silica-based materials. Chem Rev 111:765–789Ciriminna R, Fidalgo A, Pandarus V, Béland F, Ilharco LM, Pagliaro M (2013) The sol−gel route to advanced silica-based materials and recent applications. Chem Rev 113:6592–6620Kesmez Ö, Burunkaya E, Kiraz N, Çamurlu HE, Asiltürk M, Arpaç E (2011) Effect of acid, water and alcohol ratios on sol-gel preparation of antireflective amorphous SiO2 coatings. J Non-Cryst Solids 357:3130–3135Bruker, Periodic table of elements and X-ray energies. https://www.bruker.com/fileadmin/user_upload/8-PDF-Docs/X-rayDiffraction_ElementalAnalysis/HH-XRF/Misc/Periodic_Table_and_X-ray_Energies.pdf . Accessed 12 April 2019Suegama PH, de Melo HG, Benedetti AV, Aoki IV (2009) Influence of cerium (IV) ions on the mechanism of organosilane polymerization and on the improvement of its barrier properties. Electrochim Acta 54:2655–2662Fedel M, Callone E, Fabbiana M, Deflorian F, Dirè S (2017) Influence of Ce3+ doping on molecular organization of Si-based organic/inorganic sol-gel layers for corrosion protection. Appl Surf Sci 414:82–91National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Spectral database for organic compounds SDBS. http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/direct_frame_top.cgi . Accessed 12 April 2019Garcia-Heras M, Jiménez-Morales A, Casal B, Galvan JC, Radzki S, Villegas MA (2004) Preparation and electrochemical study of cerium–silica sol–gel thin films. J Alloy Compd 380:219–224Innocenzi P (2003) Infrared spectroscopy of sol–gel derived silica-based films: a spectra-microstructure overview. J Non-Cryst Solids 316:309–319Peng S, Zhao W, Zeng Z, Li H, Xue Q, Wu X (2013) Preparation of anticorrosion hybrid silica sol–gel coating using Ce(NO3)3 as catalyst. J Sol–Gel Sci Technol 66:133–138Kappert EJ, Pavlenko D, Malzbender J, Nijmeijer A, Benes NE, Tsai PA (2015) Formation and prevention of fractures in sol–gel-derived thin films. Soft Matter 11:882–888Chang B-Y, Park S-M (2010) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Annu Rev Anal Chem 3:207–229Wang H, Akid R (2008) Encapsulated cerium nitrate inhibitors to provide high-performance anti-corrosion sol–gel coatings on mild steel. Corros Sci 50:1142–1148Ramezanzadeh B, Ahmadi A, Mahdavian M (2016) Enhancement of the corrosion protection performance and cathodic delamination resistance of epoxy coating through treatment of steel substrate by a novel nanometric sol-gel based silane composite film filled with functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets. Corros Sci 109:182–205Ahmadi A, Ramezanzadeh B, Mahdavian M (2016) Hybrid silane coating reinforced with silanized graphene oxide nanosheets with improved corrosion protective performance. RSC Adv 6:54102–54112Santana I, Pepe A, Schreiner W, Pellice S, Ceré S (2016) Hybrid sol-gel coatings containing clay nanoparticles for corrosion protection of mild steel. Electrochim Acta 203:396–40

Radiographic and histopathological study of gastrointestinal dysmotility in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis in the rat

AbstractSepsis is a highly incident condition in which a cascade of proinflammatory cytokines is involved. One of its most frequent consequences is ileus, which can increase mortality. Animal models such as that induced by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are useful to deeply evaluate this condition. The effects of sepsis on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract have been explored but, to our knowledge, in vivo studies showing the motor and histopathological consequences of endotoxemia in an integrated way are lacking. Our aim was to study in rats the effects of sepsis on GI motility, using radiographic methods, and to assess histological damage in several organs.MethodsMale rats were intraperitoneally injected with saline or E. coli LPS at 0.1, 1, or 5 mg kg−1. Barium sulfate was intragastrically administered, and X‐rays were performed 0–24 h afterwards. Several organs were collected for organography, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry studies.Key ResultsAll LPS doses caused gastroparesia, whereas changes in intestinal motility were dose‐and time‐dependent, with an initial phase of hypermotility followed by paralytic ileus. Lung, liver, stomach, ileum, and colon (but not spleen or kidneys) were damaged, and density of neutrophils and activated M2 macrophages and expression of cyclooxygenase 2 were increased in the colon 24 h after LPS 5 mg kg−1.Conclusions and InferencesUsing radiographic, noninvasive methods for the first time, we show that systemic LPS causes dose‐, time‐, and organ‐dependent GI motor effects. Sepsis‐induced GI dysmotility is a complex condition whose management needs to take its time‐dependent changes into account

Synthesis of high ion exchange zeolites from coal fly ash

This study focuses on the synthesis at a pilot plant scale of zeolitic material obtained from the coal fly ashes of the Teruel and Narcea power plants in Spain. After the optimisation of the synthesis parameters at laboratory scale, the Teruel and Narcea fly ashes were selected as low and high glass fly ashes. The pilot plant scale experiments were carried out in a 10 m3 reactor of Clariant SA (Barcelona, Spain). The results allowed obtaining 1.1 and 2.2 tonnes of zeolitic material with 40 and 55% of NaP1 content, in two single batch experiments of 24 and 8 hours, for Teruel and Narcea fly ashes, respectively. The cation exchange capacities (CEC) of the final product reached 2.0 and 2.7 meq g-1 for Teruel and Narcea zeolitic material, respectively, which are very close to the usual values reached by the high quality natural zeolitic products. Finally, with the aim of testing possible applications of the commercial NaP1-IQE and pilot plant NaP1-Narcea zeolitic products in water decontamination, efficiency for metal uptake from waste waters from electroplating baths was investigate

Контрастный градиент метаморфизма: Барровенский тип относительно высокобарических преобразований на примере северной окраины Гондваны (СЗ Иберия)

Контрастный метаморфизм в соседних террейнах характерен для крупномасштабных тектонических событий, которые включают сценарии как коллизии, так и рифтинга, когда один из этих террейнов характеризуется наличием пород высокого давления. Он, скорее всего, будет связан обычно в местах, близких к сутурным зонам. Примером этих комплексов в геодинамическо