HUBUNGAN ANTARA STATUS IMUNISASI DAN PENYAKIT INFEKSI DENGAN STATUS GIZI PADA BALITA USIA 24-59 BULAN DI DESA TATELI DUA KECAMATAN MANDOLANG KABUPATEN MINAHASA

Masalah gizi masih menjadi masalah global diseluruh dunia terutama masalah gizi pada anak.Penyebab langsung terjadinya masalah gizi anak salah satunya penyakit infeksi.Infeksi yang terjadi dapat menghambat penyerapan asupan gizi sehingga meningkatkan risiko terjadinya gizi kurang dan gizi buruk pada anak. Rentannya anak menderita penyakit infeksi salah satunya akibat imunisasi dasar yang tidak lengkap. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan antara status imunisasi dan penyakit infeksi dengan status gizi balita usia 24-59 bulan di Desa Tateli Dua Kecamatan Mandolang Kabupaten Minahasa. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional. Populasi yang diambil anak usia 24-59 bulan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei-Agustus 2019. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 115 balita usia 24-59 bulan. Analisis data menggunakan SPSS dan uji statistik menggunakan chi-square. Hasil penelitian yaitu terdapat 28,7% gizi kurang dan 71,3% gizi baik. Status imunisasi lengkap 68,7%, tidak lengkap 31,3%. Balita yang menderita penyakit infeksi 29,6%, tidak menderita penyakit infeksi 70,4%. Hasil uji chi square didapati tidak ada hubungan antara status imunisasi dengan status gizi berdasarkan indeks antropometri BB/U (p=0,554), TB/U (p=0,374), BB/TB (p=0,146), terdapat hubungan antara penyakit infeksi dengan status gizi (BB/U dan BB/TB) dan tidak terdapat hubungan antara penyakit infeksi dengan status gizi (TB/U). Kesimpulan penelitian tidak terdapat hubungan antara Status Imunisasi dengan Status Gizi dan terdapat hubungan antara Penyakit Infeksi dengan Status Gizi Balita Usia 24-59 Bulan di Desa Tateli Dua Kecamatan Mandolang Kabupaten Minahasa. Melalui penelitian ini diharapkan pusat kesehatansetempat dapat melakukan tindakan promosi dan edukasi agar masyarakat dapat mengetahui pentingnya pemberian imunisasi dasar lengkap serta pencegahan terhadap penyakit infeksi. Kata kunci: Balita, Imunisasi, Penyakit Infeksi, Status Gizi. ABSTRACTNutrition problem is still a global problem throughout the world, especially the problem of nutrition in children. The direct cause of the occurrence of children's nutritional problems is an infectious disease. Infection that occurs can inhibit the absorption of nutritional intake thereby increasing the risk of malnutrition and poor nutrition in children. Vulnerable to children suffering from infectious diseases one of which is due to incomplete basic immunization. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between immunization status and infectious disease with the nutritional status of children aged 24-59 months in Tateli Dua Village, Mandolang District, Minahasa Regency. This study uses a cross sectional design. Population taken by children aged 24-59 months. The study was conducted in May-August 2019. The research sample was 115 toddlers aged 24-59 months. Data analysis using SPSS and statistical tests using chi-square. The results of the study are that there are 28.7% malnutrition and 71.3% good nutrition. Immunization status is 68.7%, incomplete is 31.3%. Infants suffering from infectious diseases 29.6%, did not suffer from infectious diseases 70.4%. Chi square test results found no relationship between immunization status and nutritional status based on anthropometric index BB / U (p = 0.554), TB / U (p = 0.374), BW / TB (p = 0.146), there is a relationship between infectious diseases and nutritional status (BB / U and BB / TB) and there is no relationship between infectious diseases and nutritional status (TB / U). The conclusion of the study there is no relationship between Immunization Status and Nutritional Status and there is a relationship between Infection Disease and Nutritional Status of Children Age 24-59 Months in Tateli Dua Village, Mandolang District, Minahasa Regency. Through this research, it is hoped that the local health center can carry out promotional and educational actions so that the public can know the importance of providing complete basic immunization and prevention of infectious diseases. Keywords: Toddler, Immunization, Infectious Disease, Nutritional Status

Spousal Support and Sabotage: The Experiences of Female College Learners

Human beings are social creatures and we rely on support from other people in times of struggle, challenge, and accomplishment. The aspect of family support is crucial in the negotiating higher education demands. This roundtable presents the preliminary findings of a study which examined the support and sabotage experiences of adult female students enrolled in a research extensive university in the Southeastern U.S. city. Two research questions that guide this study are: to what extent did the women experience social support during their studies and to what extent did they experience sabotage

Assessing the Impact of the Concrete Canoe and Steel Bridge Competitions on Civil Engineering Technology Students

The new accreditation criteria (TC2K) of the Technology Accreditation Commission of ABET require an assessment of Program Intended Learning Outcomes. Some of the learning outcomes required by the “a” through “k” and the Civil criteria of TC2K include leadership skills, teamwork skills, project management skills, communication skills, and design and construction skills. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the American Institute for Steel Construction (AISC) sponsors regional and national concrete canoe and steel bridge competitions on an annual basis. The Civil Engineering Technology (CET) students at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) have participated in these competitions for the past nine years. These competitions give students a chance to apply what they have learned in the classroom. To assess the impact of the concrete canoe and steel bridge competitions on student learning and development, the authors carried out a survey of current students and graduates of the CET program at RIT who have been members of the concrete canoe and steel bridge teams. The issues addressed in our survey include the following: impact of these activities on leadership skills, communication skills, teamwork skills, design and construction skills, project management skills, confidence levels, students’ enthusiasm for the profession, and a positive image and exposure for students and CET programs. In this paper, we discuss the results of this survey and some of the challenges to student participation in these non-credit activities at RIT, and present some suggestions for enhancing the level of student participation

Connectivity Series at RIT- Developing & Delivering an Effective Professional Development Workshop Series for Women Faculty in STEM

In science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) disciplines within the United States; women faculty are underrepresented within many disciplines including engineering, computer science, and physics. At a large private university, RIT, the ADVANCE institutional transformation project (supported by NSF Award No. 1209115), referred to as Advance RIT, aims to increase the representation and advancement of women STEM faculty (which includes social and behavioral sciences, SBS) by removing barriers to resources that support career success and by creating new interventions and resources. This paper reports on the design, delivery and evaluation of a professional development workshop series, called the Connectivity Series, which is a vital initiative within this large-scale, multi-year, strategic institutional transformation project. The workshop series consists of programs to promote the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women faculty. The project team developed workshop themes based upon the results of a faculty climate survey and a literature review as part of a previously conducted NSF ADVANCE funded self-study (0811076). Project researchers created the Connectivity Series for all tenure-track women faculty on campus as well as targeted workshops for women of color and deaf and hard of hearing women faculty. All disciplines represented within the university (STEM and non-STEM) have been identified as the target audience for workshop offerings due to the high prevalence of STEM disciplines within the university. Program assessment and evaluation results are presented. In addition, a sustainability plan is outlined for continuation of these targeted workshops beyond the five-year grant funding period

An Orientation Program for Vertical Transfers in Engineering and Engineering Technology

This paper reports on a scholarship program funded by the National Science Foundation that focuses on students who transfer at the 3rd -year level from 2-year schools to the engineering and engineering technology BS programs at our university. The objectives of the program are to: (i) expand and diversify the engineering/technology workforce of the future, (ii) develop linkages and articulations with 2-year schools and their S-STEM (Scholarships in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) programs, (iii) provide increased career opportunities and job placement rates through mandatory paid co-op experiences, and (iv) serve as a model for other universities to provide vertical transfer students access to the baccalaureate degree. The program is in its third year. It recruited its first group of 25 students in Fall 2017, and another group of 27 students in Fall 2018. We hope to recruit 26 more students in Fall 2019 for a total of 78 vertical transfers. The goal is to retain and graduate at least 95% of these scholars. To enhance the success of these scholars, a zero-credit six-week orientation course was developed in Fall 2017 focusing on four dimensions of student wellness: academic, financial, social, and personal. This paper describes the development of this course, its content, and the modifications that were made to the course for Fall 2018. The paper will also address the research conducted in order to generate knowledge about the program elements that will be essential for the success of vertical transfer programs at other universities. Two research instruments are described: an online survey and a focus group interview that were developed, and administered to the transfer scholars in their first year. Initial findings concerning students’ experiences at their 2-year schools, their reason for transferring, their experience in transferring as well as their initial conceptions of what life at a 4-year institution will be like are presented

Phase One Research Results from a Project on Vertical Transfer Students in Engineering and Engineering Technology

This paper reports on the first phase of research on a scholarship program VTAB (Vertical Transfers’ Access to the Baccalaureate) funded by a five-year grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) that focuses on students who transfer at the 3rd year level from 2-year schools to the engineering and engineering technology BS programs at our university. The goals of the program are: (i) to expand and diversify the engineering/technology workforce of the future, (ii) to develop linkages and articulations with 2-year schools and their S-STEM programs, (iii) to recruit, retain, and graduate 78 low-income students, and place them in industry or graduate schools, (iv) to generate knowledge about the program elements that can help other universities, and (v) to serve as a model for other universities to provide vertical transfer students access to the baccalaureate degree

Maintenance of active chromatin states by HMGN2 is required for stem cell identity in a pluripotent stem cell model

Background: Members of the HMGN protein family modulate chromatin structure and influence epigenetic modifications. HMGN1 and HMGN2 are highly expressed during early development and in the neural stem/progenitor cells of the developing and adult brain. Here, we investigate whether HMGN proteins contribute to the chromatin plasticity and epigenetic regulation that is essential for maintaining pluripotency in stem cells. Results: We show that loss of Hmgn1 or Hmgn2 in pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells leads to increased levels of spontaneous neuronal differentiation. This is accompanied by the loss of pluripotency markers Nanog and Ssea1, and increased expression of the pro-neural transcription factors Neurog1 and Ascl1. Neural stem cells derived from these Hmgn-knockout lines also show increased spontaneous neuronal differentiation and Neurog1 expression. The loss of HMGN2 leads to a global reduction in H3K9 acetylation, and disrupts the profile of H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K27ac and H3K122ac at the Nanog and Oct4 loci. At endodermal/mesodermal genes, Hmgn2-knockout cells show a switch from a bivalent to a repressive chromatin configuration. However, at neuronal lineage genes whose expression is increased, no epigenetic changes are observed and their bivalent states are retained following the loss of HMGN2. Conclusions: We conclude that HMGN1 and HMGN2 maintain the identity of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells by optimising the pluripotency transcription factor network and protecting the cells from precocious differentiation. Our evidence suggests that HMGN2 regulates active and bivalent genes by promoting an epigenetic landscape of active histone modifications at promoters and enhancers

Mice prenatally exposed to valproic acid do not show autism-related disorders when fed with polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets

AbstractDietary supplementations with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) have been explored in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but their efficiency and potential in ameliorating cardinal symptoms of the disease remain elusive. Here, we compared a n-3 long-chain (LC) PUFA dietary supplementation (n-3 supp) obtained from fatty fish with a n-3 PUFA precursor diet (n-3 bal) obtained from plant oils in the valproic acid (VPA, 450 mg/kg at E12.5) ASD mouse model starting from embryonic life, throughout lactation and until adulthood. Maternal and offspring behaviors were investigated as well as several VPA-induced ASD biological features: cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) number, inflammatory markers, gut microbiota, and peripheral and brain PUFA composition. Developmental milestones were delayed in the n-3 supp group compared to the n-3 bal group in both sexes. Whatever the diet, VPA-exposed offspring did not show ASD characteristic alterations in social behavior, stereotypies, PC number, or gut microbiota dysbiosis while global activity, gait, peripheral and brain PUFA levels as well as cerebellar TNF-alpha levels were differentially altered by diet and treatment according to sex. The current study provides evidence of beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA based diets, including one without LCPUFAs, on preventing several behavioral and cellular symptoms related to ASD

Pre-Bilaterian Origins of the Hox Cluster and the Hox Code: Evidence from the Sea Anemone, Nematostella vectensis

BACKGROUND: Hox genes were critical to many morphological innovations of bilaterian animals. However, early Hox evolution remains obscure. Phylogenetic, developmental, and genomic analyses on the cnidarian sea anemone Nematostella vectensis challenge recent claims that the Hox code is a bilaterian invention and that no “true” Hox genes exist in the phylum Cnidaria. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Phylogenetic analyses of 18 Hox-related genes from Nematostella identify putative Hox1, Hox2, and Hox9+ genes. Statistical comparisons among competing hypotheses bolster these findings, including an explicit consideration of the gene losses implied by alternate topologies. In situ hybridization studies of 20 Hox-related genes reveal that multiple Hox genes are expressed in distinct regions along the primary body axis, supporting the existence of a pre-bilaterian Hox code. Additionally, several Hox genes are expressed in nested domains along the secondary body axis, suggesting a role in “dorsoventral” patterning. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: A cluster of anterior and posterior Hox genes, as well as ParaHox cluster of genes evolved prior to the cnidarian-bilaterian split. There is evidence to suggest that these clusters were formed from a series of tandem gene duplication events and played a role in patterning both the primary and secondary body axes in a bilaterally symmetrical common ancestor. Cnidarians and bilaterians shared a common ancestor some 570 to 700 million years ago, and as such, are derived from a common body plan. Our work reveals several conserved genetic components that are found in both of these diverse lineages. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that a set of developmental rules established in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians is still at work today

Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation