Riqueza, abundância e Distribuição do Gênero Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae) na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus - AM /)

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Aceitação de produtos alimentícios elaborados a partir de plantas nativas

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Antimalarial plants used by indigenous people of the Upper Rio Negro in Amazonas, Brazil

AbstractEthnopharmacological relevanceThis is the first intercultural report of antimalarial plants in this region. The aim of this study was to document the medicinal plants used against malaria by indigenous people in the Upper Rio Negro region and to review the literature on antimalarial activity and traditional use of the cited species.Materials and methodsParticipant observation, semi-structured interviews, and ethnobotanical walks were conducted with 89 informants in five indigenous communities between April 2010 and November 2013 to obtain information on the use of medicinal plants against malaria. We reviewed academic databases for papers published in scientific journals up to January 2014 in order to find works on ethnopharmacology, ethnobotany, and antimalarial activity of the species cited.ResultsForty-six plant species belonging to 24 families are mentioned. Fabaceae (17.4%), Arecaceae (13.0%) and Euphorbiaceae (6.5%) account together for 36.9% of these species. Only seven plant species showed a relatively high consensus. Among the plant parts, barks (34.0%) and roots (28.0%) were the most widely used. Of the 46 species cited, 18 (39.1%) have already been studied for their antimalarial properties according to the literature, and 26 species (56.5%) have no laboratory essays on antimalarial activity.ConclusionsLocal traditional knowledge of the use of antimalarials is still widespread in indigenous communities of the Upper Rio Negro, where 46 plants species used against malaria were recorded. Our studies highlight promising new plants for future studies: Glycidendron amazonicum, Heteropsis tenuispadix, Monopteryx uaucu, Phenakospermum guianensis, Pouteria ucuqui, Sagotia brachysepala and notably Aspidosperma schultesii, Ampelozizyphus amazonicus, Euterpe catinga, E. precatoria, Physalis angulata, Cocos nucifera and Swartzia argentea with high-use consensus. Experimental validation of these remedies may help in developing new drugs for malaria

Traditional botanical knowledge: food plants from the Huni Kuĩ indigenous people, Acre, western Brazilian Amazon

Abstract The Kaxinawá indigenous people (auto-identified as the Huni Kuĩ) are native to the western Amazon, on the Brazilian border with Peru, and have an extensive biodiversity-related knowledge, which is parti of a coherent social-ecological system. Our study investigated native knowledge of edible forest plants, in three communities within the Kaxinawá Indigenous Land on the Lower Rio Jordão, Acre state, Brazil. The principal methods used were participant observation, open and semi-structured interviews and walk-in-the-woods. The study recorded 89 native food species. Some 60% are managed in food-production areas, with 56% of the recorded species have received little or no scientific study of their food potential. The role which natural systems play in Huni Kuĩ society is indicated by the management and use of a high diversity of native species, which contributes to food security and nutritional sovereignty. However, there is a progressive under-utilization and substitution of forest species, due to the introduction of cultivated exotic species and the increase in consumption of industrialized products. An enhancement of the value given to native food-plants is needed to encourage continuing autonomy of production, and diet diversification, as well as the conservation of sociobiodiversity of traditional peoples in the Amazon through sustainable management practices of the current social-ecological system

Medicinal plants at Rio Jauaperi, Brazilian Amazon: Ethnobotanical survey and environmental conservation

Study background The Amazon basin is a mosaic of different environments. Flooded riparian and upland forests play a significant role for the establishment of human settlements. Riparian communities in the Amazon have evolved depending on the use of plants applied for therapeutic purposes, thus developing important knowledge about their management and preparation. Aim of the study This paper describes and analyzes the use and management of medicinal plants in order to establish links to environmental conservation. The categorization of habitats of occurrence and categories of diseases were held in five riparian communities at Rio Jauaperi, in the border between Roraima and Amazonas states in Brazil. The study sight is poorly investigated in terms of scientific research. Materials and methods Quantitative and qualitative ethnobotanical field inquiries and analytical methods including observations, individual and focus group discussions, individual interviews, preference ranking by free listing tasks, guided tours and community mapping were applied. Sutrop's cognitive salience index was applied in order to check the most important ethnospecies and diseases. The survey was conducted from February to December 2012. Results A total of 62 informants were interviewed, resulting in 119 botanical species documented. The most salient medicinal species are usually wide distributed and recognized transculturally. Arboreal habit was the most important corresponding to 47% of total species used. The most frequent accessed environments were terra-firme (upland forest), vargeado (flooded forest), poultry (regenerating forest) and restinga (seasonally flooded forest) which together provides 59% of the total medicinal plant species. Exotic species played a secondary role with only 20% of the total. Thirty seven percent of the species were cultivated. Plants at homegardens are usually associated with children's or women's disease. Xixuaú is the community with improved ability to environmental preservation using more forestry species. The most worrying disease was malaria. Biomedical assistance is precarious in the region and many diseases and healing rituals are culturally built. Conclusions Ethnobotanical surveys of medicinal plants can indicate the level of biodiversity conservation and human health by integrating social and ecological analytical elements. Considering a predominance of management for subsistence, the higher richness of native medicinal species availability indicates that biodiversity and associated traditional knowledge are better preserved. The methods applied here might contribute for the decision-making process regarding conservation public policies and medical assistance in remote areas of the Amazon basin. © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

“EU COZINHO PRA ELE, ELE BOTA O ROÇADO PRA MIM”: O PAPEL DA MULHER HUNI KU? NA ALIMENTAÇÃO INDÍGENA NO BAIXO RIO JORDÃO/AC

A sociedade indígena Huni Ku? caracteriza-se pela divisão sexual do trabalho bem definida e de similar importância cultural. As atividades domésticas são estritamente femininas, especialmente no que concerne aos preparos culinários. Este estudo objetivou analisar o papel das mulheres nos processos que envolvem a alimentação, bem como registrar práticas alimentares em três aldeias do povo Huni Ku? da Terra Indígena Kaxinawá do Baixo Rio Jordão, estado do Acre, Amazônia ocidental brasileira. Utilizou-se metodologias das etnociências, como observação participante e entrevistas abertas e semiestruturadas, exclusivamente com mulheres. O processo de seleção das colaboradoras ocorreu pela técnica de amostragem “bola de neve”: foram 36 interlocutoras, entre 18 e 82 anos, as quais participaram também de visitas conduzidas nas cozinhas e trilhas guiadas nos agroecossistemas. Para análise dos dados valeu-se de grupos focais e revisão etnográfica. Constatou-se a importância das mulheres nos processos que envolvem a alimentação, desde a produção alimentícia e confecção de utensílios, passando pela elaboração dos preparos até o próprio servir da refeição. Identificou-se uma totalidade de elementos articulados pelo saber tradicional feminino, que criam e recriam um universo de abundância, bem-estar e diversidade. Nesse lugar social, a mulher expressa conhecimentos materiais e simbólicos da diversidade vegetal que a circunda. Devido às funções desempenhadas, elas se constituem enquanto agentes de transmissão deste saber sobre a biodiversidade alimentar. Há, contudo, necessidade de salvaguardar o arcabouço cultural frente às transformações históricas que o povo enfrenta no sistema alimentar, relativas à substituição de alimentos culturais por produtos industrializados. Sob essa ótica, é preciso valorizar o saber feminino e, consequentemente, a alimentação tradicional. Sugere-se o fortalecimento de políticas públicas, privilegiando as tomadas de decisão focadas no papel das mulheres na agricultura e na alimentação. O estudo reforça a necessidade de fomentar os hábitos culturais para garantir a segurança e a soberania alimentar e nutricional das populações nativas

Windthrows control biomass patterns and functional composition of Amazon forests

Amazon forests account for ~25% of global land biomass and tropical tree species. In these forests, windthrows (i.e., snapped and uprooted trees) are a major natural disturbance, but the rates and mechanisms of recovery are not known. To provide a predictive framework for understanding the effects of windthrows on forest structure and functional composition (DBH ≥10 cm), we quantified biomass recovery as a function of windthrow severity (i.e., fraction of windthrow tree mortality on Landsat pixels, ranging from 0%–70%) and time since disturbance for terra-firme forests in the Central Amazon. Forest monitoring allowed insights into the processes and mechanisms driving the net biomass change (i.e., increment minus loss) and shifts in functional composition. Windthrown areas recovering for between 4–27 years had biomass stocks as low as 65.2–91.7 Mg/ha or 23%–38% of those in nearby undisturbed forests (~255.6 Mg/ha, all sites). Even low windthrow severities (4%–20% tree mortality) caused decadal changes in biomass stocks and structure. While rates of biomass increment in recovering vegetation were nearly double (6.3 ± 1.4 Mg ha− 1 year− 1) those of undisturbed forests (~3.7 Mg ha− 1 year− 1), biomass loss due to post-windthrow mortality was high (up to −7.5 ± 8.7 Mg ha− 1 year− 1, 8.5 years since disturbance) and unpredictable. Consequently, recovery to 90% of “pre-disturbance” biomass takes up to 40 years. Resprouting trees contributed little to biomass recovery. Instead, light-demanding, low-density genera (e.g., Cecropia, Inga, Miconia, Pourouma, Tachigali, and Tapirira) were favored, resulting in substantial post-windthrow species turnover. Shifts in functional composition demonstrate that windthrows affect the resilience of live tree biomass by favoring soft-wooded species with shorter life spans that are more vulnerable to future disturbances. As the time required for forests to recover biomass is likely similar to the recurrence interval of windthrows triggering succession, windthrows have the potential to control landscape biomass/carbon dynamics and functional composition in Amazon forests. ©2018 The Authors. Global Change Biology Published by John Wiley & Sons Lt