70 research outputs found
Epitypification of the Central African Cantharellus densifolius and C. luteopunctatus allows for the recognition of two additional species
Cantharellus densifolius and C. luteopunctatus are epitypified on the basis of recently collected specimens from the Central African rain forest that correspond in every way to their respective original descriptions. Sequences obtained from these new collections demonstrate that both epitypes represent distinct species that belong in different subclades of Cantharellus subg. Rubrinus. Previously, the name C. densifolius has been consistently misapplied to more or less similar species from the African woodland area, including C. densilamellatus sp. nov. which is described here, In addition, C. tomentosoides sp. nov., a rain forest species that is easily confused with C. densifolius, is described
Une formation professionnelle universitaire pour tous les enseignants
Cet article retrace et compare l’histoire de la formation professionnelle universitaire des enseignants du primaire et du secondaire durant le xxe siècle en Suisse, à la croisée des aires culturelles germanophones et francophones. Il met en lumière et discute trois tensions inhérentes au processus d’universitarisation : 1) entre les différentes instances concernées par la définition des cursus de formation ; 2) autour de la nature des savoirs de référence qui fondent la profession ; 3) par rapport à la division interne de la profession entre les niveaux d’enseignement primaire et secondaire.This paper describes and compares the history of primary and secondary school teachers’ professional training at university during the xxth century in Switzerland, at the crossroads of German-speaking and French-speaking cultural areas. It sheds light on and discusses three types of tensions inherent to the process of universitarization: 1) between the different actors in charge of the definition of training curricula ; 2) around the contents of the reference knowledge which founds the profession ; 3) concerning the internal division in the profession between primary and secondary school teachers.Este artículo describe y compara la historia de la formación profesional universitaria de los profesores de la escuela primaria y media durante el siglo xx en Suiza, en la encrucijada de las áreas culturales germanófonas y francófonas. Pone en evidencia y discute tres tensiones inherentes al proceso de universitarización: 1) entre las diferentes instancias concernidas por la definición de los estudios universitarios de formación; 2) alrededor de la naturaleza de los saberes de referencia que fundan la profesión; 3) con relación a la división interna de la profesión entre los niveles de ense–anza primaria y media.Dieser Artikel schildert die Geschichte der universitären Berufsbildung der Lehrer der Grundschule und der Sekundarstufe im xx. Jahrhundert in der Schweiz und vergleicht ihre Formen in den deutsch-und französischsprachigen Regionen. Er bringt drei dem Universitarisierungsprozess inhärente Spannungen ans Licht und beschreibt sie: 1) zwischen den verschiedenen Instanzen, die durch die Definition der Ausbildungslehrgänge betroffen werden; 2) was die Natur der Referenzkenntnisse betrifft, auf denen der Beruf beruht; 3) der internen Spaltung des Berufs zwischen der Grundschule und der Sekundarstufe gegenüber
Uma Formação Profissional Universitária para todos os Professores: o exemplo da Suíça no século XX
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-6236112168Uma Formação Profissional Universitária para todos os Professores: o exemplo da Suíça no século XX1. Este artigo reconstitui e compara
a história da formação profissional universitária de professores do ensino
primário e secundário durante o século XX na Suíça, cotejando os desenvolvimentos nas áreas culturais germanófonas e francófonas. Ele apresenta
e discute três tensões inerentes ao processo de universitarização: 1) entre
as diferentes instâncias envolvidas na definição dos cursos de formação; 2)
em torno da natureza dos saberes de referência que sustentam a profissão
docente; 3) em relação à divisão interna da profissão entre os níveis de ensino primário e secundário.
Palavras-chave: Professor Primário. Professor Secundário. Formação Profissional Universitária. Saber de Referência. Ciências da Educação
How To Make A Pie: Reproducible Research for Empirical Economics & Econometrics
Empirical economics and econometrics (EEE) research now relies primarily on the application of code to datasets. Handling the workflow linking datasets, programs, results and finally manuscript(s) is essential if one wish to reproduce results, which is now increasingly required by journals and institutions. We underline here the importance of “reproducible research” in EEE and suggest three simple principles to follow. We illustrate these principles with good habits and tools, with particular focus on their implementation in most popular software and languages in applied economics
How To Make A Pie: Reproducible Research for Empirical Economics & Econometrics
Empirical economics and econometrics (EEE) research now relies primarily on the application of code to datasets. Handling the workflow linking datasets, programs, results and finally manuscript(s) is essential if one wish to reproduce results, which is now increasingly required by journals and institutions. We underline here the importance of “reproducible research” in EEE and suggest three simple principles to follow. We illustrate these principles with good habits and tools, with particular focus on their implementation in most popular software and languages in applied economics
Fungal biodiversity profiles 21–30
The authors describe ten new taxa for science using mostly both morphological and molecular data. In Basidiomycota, descriptions are provided for Botryobasidium fusisporum sp. nov., B. triangulosporum sp. nov., Cantharellus hydnoides sp. nov. and Hydnum aerostatisporum sp. nov. in Cantharellales; Lactarius rahjamalensis sp. nov. and Russula pseudoaurantiophylla sp. nov. in Russulales and for Mycena paraguayensis comb. nov. in Agaricales. In Ascomycota and hyphomycetes, descriptions are provided for Colletotrichurn eryngiicola sp. nov. (Glomerellales), Corynesporella indica sp. nov. (incertae sedis) and Repetophragma zygopetali sp. nov. (Microthyriales)
Finding needles in haystacks:Linking scientific names, reference specimens and molecular data for Fungi
DNA phylogenetic comparisons have shown that morphology-based species recognition
often underestimates fungal diversity. Therefore, the need for accurate DNA sequence
data, tied to both correct taxonomic names and clearly annotated specimen data, has
never been greater. Furthermore, the growing number of molecular ecology and microbiome
projects using high-throughput sequencing require fast and effective methods for
en masse species assignments. In this article, we focus on selecting and re-annotating a
set of marker reference sequences that represent each currently accepted order of Fungi.
The particular focus is on sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region in the
nuclear ribosomal cistron, derived from type specimens and/or ex-type cultures. Reannotated
and verified sequences were deposited in a curated public database at the
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), namely the RefSeq Targeted Loci
(RTL) database, and will be visible during routine sequence similarity searches with
NR_prefixed accession numbers. A set of standards and protocols is proposed to improve
the data quality of new sequences, and we suggest how type and other reference
sequences can be used to improve identification of Fungi.The Intramural Research Programs
of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National
Library of Medicine and the National Human Genome Research
Institute, both at the National Institutes of Health.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA177353am201
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A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families
The Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized Fungi, and one of the most species-rich classes in the
kingdom. Here we provide a multigene phylogenetic synthesis (using three ribosomal RNA-coding and two
protein-coding genes) of the Lecanoromycetes based on 642 newly generated and 3329 publicly available
sequences representing 1139 taxa, 317 genera, 66 families, 17 orders and five subclasses (four currently
recognized: Acarosporomycetidae, Lecanoromycetidae, Ostropomycetidae, Umbilicariomycetidae; and one provisionarily recognized, ‘Candelariomycetidae’). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses on four
multigene datasets assembled using a cumulative supermatrix approach with a progressively higher
number of species and missing data (5-gene, 5 + 4-gene, 5 + 4 + 3-gene and 5 + 4 + 3 + 2-gene datasets)
show that the current classification includes non-monophyletic taxa at various ranks, which need to be
recircumscribed and require revisionary treatments based on denser taxon sampling and more loci. Two
newly circumscribed orders (Arctomiales and Hymeneliales in the Ostropomycetidae) and three families
(Ramboldiaceae and Psilolechiaceae in the Lecanorales, and Strangosporaceae in the Lecanoromycetes
inc. sed.) are introduced. The potential resurrection of the families Eigleraceae and Lopadiaceae is considered
here to alleviate phylogenetic and classification disparities. An overview of the photobionts associated
with the main fungal lineages in the Lecanoromycetes based on available published records is provided. A
revised schematic classification at the family level in the phylogenetic context of widely accepted and
newly revealed relationships across Lecanoromycetes is included. The cumulative addition of taxa with
an increasing amount of missing data (i.e., a cumulative supermatrix approach, starting with taxa for which
sequences were available for all five targeted genes and ending with the addition of taxa for which only two
genes have been sequenced) revealed relatively stable relationships for many families and orders.
However, the increasing number of taxa without the addition of more loci also resulted in an expected substantial
loss of phylogenetic resolving power and support (especially for deep phylogenetic relationships),
potentially including the misplacements of several taxa. Future phylogenetic analyses should include
additional single copy protein-coding markers in order to improve the tree of the Lecanoromycetes. As part
of this study, a new module (‘‘Hypha’’) of the freely available Mesquite software was developed to compare
and display the internodal support values derived from this cumulative supermatrix approach.Keywords: Classification, Multi-gene phylogeny, Lichenized fungi, Systematics, Cumulative supermatrix, Lecanoromycete
Quand le régent devient professeur: d'un "apprentissage sur le tas" à une formation en hautes écoles
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