Measles Virus Replication in Cells of Myelomonocytic Lineage Is Dependent on Cellular Differentiation Stage

AbstractMeasles virus (MV)-infected monocytes may have a central role in virus-induced immunosuppression. Our understanding of MV replication in monocytic cells is, however, incomplete. In this work we have investigated MV replication in cells of human myelomonocytic lineage with different maturation stages in order to study the effect of cellular maturation on virus infection. MV was able to infect human bone marrow myeloid granulocyte–macrophage colony-forming cells (CFC-GM) as well as monocytes and macrophages, but the replication cycle seemed to be regulated by the maturation stage of the cells. Virus infection in CFC-GM was productive, unlike in monocytes and macrophages, where an extensive viral RNA synthesis occurred and high amounts of proteins were synthesised without a remarkable release of infectious virus. Efficiency of viral macromolecular synthesis in macrophages was comparable to that of promonocytic cell line U-937 and human epithelial cell line A549, but in contrast to macrophages the cell lines highly supported productive infection. On the other hand, chemically induced maturation of the human promyelocytic and promonocytic cell lines HL-60, THP-1, and U-937 to more mature macrophage-like forms did not markedly alter the replication cycle of MV in these cell lines. Our results showed that MV replication in myelomonocytic cells varied depending on the maturation stage of the cells. The immature myelomonocytic cells supported productive virus infection, but the maturation process lead to cellular changes that caused a restriction of MV replication cycle partly at posttranscriptional and partly at posttranslational level. The metabolic milieu of monocytes and macrophages as such was sufficient to support extensive viral macromolecular synthesis

Sosiaalisten taitojen kehittäminen musiikkiliikunnan avulla

Tiivistelmä. Tämän tutkielman ensimmäinen tutkimuskysymys on, mitä sosiaaliset taidot ovat. Kerromme myös, miten sosiaaliset taidot kehittyvät lapsilla sekä sosiaalisten taitojen harjoittelemisen vaiheet. Toinen tutkimuskysymys on, miksi sosiaalisia taitoja kannattaa kehittää musiikkiliikunnan avulla. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli löytää vastauksia tutkimuskysymyksiin hyödyntämällä aiheesta löytyvää kirjallisuutta ja tutkimuksia. Toteutimme tutkielman kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Tutkielmassamme emme ole rajanneet ikää, mutta kirjoitamme aiheesta koulukontekstissa. Aineisto on kerätty käyttämällä eri tietokantojen tiedostohakuja. Aineistoa karsittiin tutkielmaan sopivuuden sekä luotettavuuden kriteerein. Aineisto koostuu pitkälti tutkimustietoon pohjautuvasta kirjallisuudesta sekä artikkeleista. Tutustuimme aineistoihin huolellisesti ja nostimme sieltä esiin tutkielman kannalta merkityksellisiä teemoja sekä tuloksia. Musiikilla ja liikunnalla on todettu olevan positiivisia vaikutuksia sosiaalisten taitojen kehittymiseen. Niiden avulla lapsi oppii muun muassa hyväksymään yhteiset säännöt sekä toisten erilaisuuden, hallitsemaan tunteitaan ja työskentelemään yhdessä toisten kanssa. Tutkimuksissa todettiin myös, että parhaan mahdollisen tuloksen taitojen kehittymisessä saa, kun sosiaalisten taitojen ja musiikkiliikuntaharjoitteiden välistä yhteyttä korostetaan. Tutkielmamme aihe on erittäin ajankohtainen, sillä esimerkiksi internet on muuttanut ihmisten välistä vuorovaikutusta. Internetin kautta käytävä viestintä ei vaadi nonverbaalia viestintää ja siellä harjoitettava kieli on yleensä nopeaa ja ajattelematon, joten sosiaalisten taitojen harjaantuminen jää olemattomaksi. Hyvät sosiaaliset taidot ovat todettu ehkäisevän syrjäytymistä. Nuorten syrjäytyminen on havaittu sekä yksilöiden että yhteiskunnan tasoilla huolestuttavaksi ilmiöksi. Sosiaaliset taidot kehittyvät koko elämän ajan, joten ei ole koskaan liian myöhäistä panostaa niihin ja pienentää syrjäytymisen riskiä

Time-course of exercise and its association with 12-month bone changes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Exercise has been shown to have positive effects on bone density and strength. However, knowledge of the time-course of exercise and bone changes is scarce due to lack of methods to quantify and qualify daily physical activity in long-term. The aim was to evaluate the association between exercise intensity at 3, 6 and 12 month intervals and 12-month changes in upper femur areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and mid-femur geometry in healthy premenopausal women.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Physical activity was continuously assessed with a waist-worn accelerometer in 35 healthy women (35-40 years) participating in progressive high-impact training. To describe exercise intensity, individual average daily numbers of impacts were calculated at five acceleration levels (range 0.3-9.2 <it>g</it>) during time intervals of 0-3, 0-6, and 0-12 months. Proximal femur aBMD was measured with dual x-ray absorptiometry and mid-femur geometry was evaluated with quantitative computed tomography at the baseline and after 12 months. Physical activity data were correlated with yearly changes in bone density and geometry, and adjusted for confounding factors and impacts at later months of the trial using multivariate analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Femoral neck aBMD changes were significantly correlated with 6 and 12 months' impact activity at high intensity levels (> 3.9 <it>g</it>, <it>r </it>being up to 0.42). Trochanteric aBMD changes were associated even with first three months of exercise exceeding 1.1 <it>g </it>(<it>r </it>= 0.39-0.59, <it>p </it>< 0.05). Similarly, mid-femoral cortical bone geometry changes were related to even first three months' activity (<it>r </it>= 0.38-0.52, <it>p </it>< 0.05). In multivariate analysis, 0-3 months' activity did not correlate with bone change at any site after adjusting for impacts at later months. Instead, 0-6 months' impacts were significant correlates of 12-month changes in femoral neck and trochanter aBMD, mid-femur bone circumference and cortical bone attenuation even after adjustment. No significant correlations were found at the proximal or distal tibia.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The number of high acceleration impacts during 6 months of training was positively associated with 12-month bone changes at the femoral neck, trochanter and mid-femur. These results can be utilized when designing feasible training programs to prevent bone loss in premenopausal women.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>Clinical trials.gov NCT00697957</p

Difficulties in administration of oral medication formulations to pet cats: an e-survey of cat owners

The purpose here was to determine the problems cat owners encounter in medicating their cats with orally administered drugs at home. The study was carried out as an open e-questionnaire survey addressed to cat owners in which the authors focused on the oral administration route. A total of 46 completed questionnaires were included in the survey. In the study, 46 cats received 67 orally administered drugs. Approximately half of the drugs were registered for use in cats by the European Medicines Agency (54 per cent), and there were also off-label drugs registered for human (36 per cent) and canine medication (7.4 per cent) and an ex tempore drug (3.0 per cent). The owners were unable to give the doses as prescribed for their cats for one-fourth of the medications (16/67). Drugs that were registered for feline medication were significantly more palatable than drugs registered for other species (odds ratio (OR) 4.9), and liquid formulations were significantly more palatable than solid formulations (OR 4.8). However, most of the owners (22/38) preferred a solid dosage form, while few (4/38) chose a liquid formulation. The results indicate that there is still a need for more palatable and easily administered oral drugs for cats.Peer reviewe

Home invasive mechanical ventilation in Finland in 2015-2019

Introduction: The prevalence of long-term invasive mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy in chronic respiratory insufficiency is largely unknown. We aimed to clarify prevalence and aetiology of the use of home invasive mechanical ventilation (HIMV) in Finland in 2015-2019.Methods: Information on HIMV patients was collected yearly from all Finnish Hospital District patient registries between 1 January 2015 and 1 January 2019. Data included underlying diagnosis, time from diagnosis to HIMV initiation, treatment length, mortality and basic sociodemographic data.Results: In 2015, we had 107 HIMV patients. During the follow-up we received 34 new patients (24.1%) and 46 patients (32.6%) died. In 2019, we had 95 HIMV patients and the prevalence in Finland was 2.0 in 100 000. The most common diagnoses were motor neurone disease (29.1%) and spinal cord injuries (19.9%). Mean duration of HIMV among all patients on 1 January 2019 was 12.3 years and among deceased patients, 11.2 years. Treatment durations ranged from 7.7 years for motor neurone disease patients to 47.3 years for post-polio syndrome patients. Most patients (81.6%) used HIMV 24 h.day(-1).Conclusions: HIMV is a rare, long-lasting treatment, most often used in chronic hypoventilation caused by chronic neurological disease. Based on our 4 year follow-up the prevalence of HIMV seems to be diminishing in Finland. Treatment duration and survival vary greatly depending on the underlying diagnosis. Most of the patients were totally dependent on HIMV, requiring 24-h care

Selkäydinvammaisen hyvä kuntoutuskäytäntö

Selkäydinvaurion saaneiden akuuttihoito, kuntoutus ja elinikäinen seuranta on keskitetty 2011 kolmeen yliopistosairaalaan: Helsinkiin, Ouluun ja Tampereelle. Näiden yliopistosairaaloiden selkäydinvammayksiköt, Kela, Vakuutuskuntoutus VKK ja Suomalainen Lääkäriseura Duodecim ovat toteuttaneet yhteistyössä tämän suosituksen selkäydinvammaisten hyvästä kuntoutuskäytännöstä tukemaan selkäydinvammojen Käypä hoito -suositusta. Suosituksen tavoitteena on yhdenmukaistaa valtakunnallisia kuntoutuskäytäntöjä sekä helpottaa kuntoutussuunnitelmien laatimista ja kuntoutuspäätösten tekemistä. Suositus sisältää yleistä perustietoa selkäydinvammoista ja selkäydinvammapotilaan kuntoutus- ja seurantajärjestelmistä, toimintakyvyn arvioinnista ja apuvälinepalveluista. Suosituksessa käsitellään kuntoutussuunnitelman laatiminen, lääkinnällisen kuntoutuksen tavallisimmat kuntoutustyypit ja terapiamuodot sekä ammatillisen kuntoutuksen perusteet. Suositus sisältää esimerkkejä tyypillisistä selkäydinvammapotilaiden kuntoutustavoitteista ja -määristä. Kuntoutus tulee kuitenkin suunnitella jokaisen kuntoutujan kanssa yhteistyössä huomioiden yksilölliset tarpeet niin yksilön kuin ympäristönkin tasolla

Bone mineral density in vocational and professional ballet dancers

Summary: According to existing literature, bone health in ballet dancers is controversial. We have verified that, compared to controls, young female and male vocational ballet dancers have lower bone mineral density (BMD) at both impact and non-impact sites, whereas female professional ballet dancers have lower BMD only at non-impact sites. Introduction: The aims of this study were to (a) assess bone mineral density (BMD) in vocational (VBD) and professional (PBD) ballet dancers and (b) investigate its association with body mass (BM), fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), maturation and menarche. Methods: The total of 152 VBD (13 ± 2.3 years; 112 girls, 40 boys) and 96 controls (14 ± 2.1 years; 56 girls, 40 boys) and 184 PBD (28 ± 8.5 years; 129 females, 55 males) and 160 controls (27 ± 9.5 years; 110 female, 50 males) were assessed at the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), forearm and total body by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maturation and menarche were assessed via questionnaires. Results: VBD revealed lower unadjusted BMD at all anatomical sites compared to controls (p < 0.001); following adjustments for Tanner stage and gynaecological age, female VBD showed similar BMD values at impact sites. However, no factors were found to explain the lower adjusted BMD values in VBD (female and male) at the forearm (non-impact site), nor for the lower adjusted BMD values in male VBD at the FN. Compared to controls, female PBD showed higher unadjusted and adjusted BMD for potential associated factors at the FN (impact site) (p < 0.001) and lower adjusted at the forearm (p < 0.001). Male PBD did not reveal lower BMD than controls at any site. Conclusions: both females and males VBD have lower BMD at impact and non-impact sites compared to control, whereas this is only the case at non-impact site in female PBD. Maturation seems to explain the lower BMD at impact sites in female VBD

Physical Activity Across Adulthood and Bone Health in Later Life: The 1946 British Birth Cohort

© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is widely recommended for the prevention of osteoporosis and fractures in older populations. However, whether the beneficial effects of LTPA on bone accumulate across life and are maintained even after reduction or cessation of regular PA in later life is unknown. We examined whether LTPA across adulthood was cumulatively associated with volumetric and areal bone mineral density (vBMD, aBMD) at ages 60 to 64 and whether associations were mediated by lean mass. Up to 1498 participants from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development were included in analyses. LTPA was self-reported at ages 36, 43, 53, and 60 to 64, and responses summed to generate a cumulative score (range 0 = inactive at all four ages to 8 = most active at all four ages). Total and trabecular vBMD were measured at the distal radius using pQCT and aBMD at the total hip and lumbar spine (L1 to L4) using DXA. Linear regression was used to test associations of the cumulative LTPA score with each bone outcome. After adjustment for height and weight, a 1-unit increase in LTPA score (95% CI) in men was associated with differences of 1.55% (0.78% to 2.31%) in radial trabecular vBMD, 0.83% (0.41% to 1.25%) in total hip aBMD, and 0.97% (0.44% to 1.49%) in spine aBMD. Among women, positive associations were seen for radial trabecular vBMD and total hip aBMD, but only among those of greater weight (LTPA × weight interaction p ≤ 0.01). In men, there was evidence to suggest that lean mass index may partly mediate these associations. These findings suggest that there are cumulative benefits of LTPA across adulthood on BMD in early old age, especially among men. The finding of weaker associations among women suggests that promotion of specifıc types of LTPA may be needed to benefit bone health in women. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc