Electronic Pneumatic Injection-Assisted Dermal Drug Delivery Visualized by Ex Vivo Confocal Microscopy

Background and Objectives: Electronic pneumatic injection (EPI) is a technique for dermal drug delivery, which is increasingly being used in clinical practice. However, only few studies have been reported on cutaneous drug distribution and related clinical endpoints. We aimed to visualize the immediate cutaneous drug distribution, changes in skin architecture, and related clinic

Das Verbundprojekt StaPlaRes: N-Stabilisierung und wurzelnahe Platzierung als innovative Technologien zur Optimierung der Ressourceneffizienz bei der Harnstoff-Düngung

Das F&E-Verbundvorhaben StaPlaRes entwickelt, untersucht und bewertet neuartige Technologien im Rahmen der Harnstoff (HS)-Düngung mit dem Ziel größtmöglicher Ressourceneffizienz und Umweltschonung

Biomarkers of brain injury after cardiac arrest; a statistical analysis plan from the TTM2 trial biobank investigators

Background: Several biochemical markers in blood correlate with the magnitude of brain injury and may be used to predict neurological outcome after cardiac arrest. We present a protocol for the evaluation of prognostic accuracy of brain injury markers after cardiac arrest. The aim is to define the best predictive marker and to establish clinically useful cut-off levels for routine implementation. Methods: Prospective international multicenter trial within the Targeted Hypothermia versus Targeted Normothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (TTM2) trial in collaboration with Roche Diagnostics International AG. Samples were collected 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours after randomisation (serum) and 0 and 48 hours after randomisation (plasma), and pre-analytically processed at each site before storage in a central biobank. Routine markers neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100B, and neurofilament light, total-tau and glial fibrillary acidic protein will be batch analysed using novel Elecsys® electrochemiluminescence immunoassays on a Cobas e601 instrument. Results: Statistical analysis will be reported according to the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD) and will include comparisons for prediction of good versus poor functional outcome at six months post-arrest, by modified Rankin Scale (0–3 vs. 4–6), using logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristics curves, evaluation of mortality at six months according to biomarker levels and establishment of cut-off values for prediction of poor neurological outcome at 95–100% specificities. Conclusions: This prospective trial may establish a standard methodology and clinically appropriate cut-off levels for the optimal biomarker of brain injury which predicts poor neurological outcome after cardiac arrest