New sources of resistance to Myrothecium roridum and Podosphaeria xanthii in yellow melon.

The aim of this study was to identify sources of resistance to Myrothecium roridum and Podosphaeria xanthii. Initially, 86 inbred lines of the crossing AM-04 x Goldex, 91 inbred lines of the crossing AM-12 x Rochedo, and 75 inbred lines of the crossing ACP x AF-646 were evaluated. The trials were carried out in a greenhouse in a randomized block design with five replications. Seventeen inbred lines were identified as resistant to M. roridum. These inbred lines, as well as the parents and seven differential cultivars (checks) were evaluated for the reaction to P. xanthii. Ten inbred lines were selected as moderately resistant to M. roridumand resistant to P. xanthii

Plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid content in organic liquid biofertilizer.

Resumo 962-1, on line

Ammonium accumulation is a primary effect of 2-methylcitrate exposure in an in vitro model for brain damage in methylmalonic aciduria.

Using 3D organotypic rat brain cell cultures in aggregates we recently identified 2-methylcitrate (2-MCA) as the main toxic metabolite for developing brain cells in methylmalonic aciduria. Exposure to 2-MCA triggered morphological changes and apoptosis of brain cells. This was accompanied by increased ammonium and decreased glutamine levels. However, the sequence and causal relationship between these phenomena remained unclear. To understand the sequence and time course of pathogenic events, we exposed 3D rat brain cell aggregates to different concentrations of 2-MCA (0.1, 0.33 and 1.0mM) from day in vitro (DIV) 11 to 14. Aggregates were harvested at different time points from DIV 12 to 19. We compared the effects of a single dose of 1mM 2-MCA administered on DIV 11 to the effects of repeated doses of 1mM 2-MCA. Pan-caspase inhibitors Z-VAD FMK or Q-VD-OPh were used to block apoptosis. Ammonium accumulation in the culture medium started within few hours after the first 2-MCA exposure. Morphological changes of the developing brain cells were already visible after 17h. The highest rate of cleaved caspase-3 was observed after 72h. A dose-response relationship was observed for all effects. Surprisingly, a single dose of 1mM 2-MCA was sufficient to induce all of the biochemical and morphological changes in this model. 2-MCA-induced ammonium accumulation and morphological changes were not prevented by concomitant treatment of the cultures with pan-caspase inhibitors Z-VAD FMK or Q-VD-OPh: ammonium increased rapidly after a single 1mM 2-MCA administration even after apoptosis blockade. We conclude that following exposure to 2-MCA, ammonium production in brain cell cultures is an early phenomenon, preceding cell degeneration and apoptosis, and may actually be the cause of the other changes observed. The fact that a single dose of 1mM 2-MCA is sufficient to induce deleterious effects over several days highlights the potential damaging effects of even short-lasting metabolic decompensations in children affected by methylmalonic aciduria

The effects of cyclosporin a and heteropterys tomentosa on the rat liver

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a widely employed immunosuppressive drug that is associated with several side effects, among then hepatotoxicity. Heteropterys tomentosa is a Brazilian plant efficient in reducing damage caused by CsA on the rat testis and prostate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CsA and H. tomentosa (administered isolated or simultaneously) on the liver of Wistar rats. The animals were treated daily with water (control), CsA (15mg/kg/day), H. tomentosa infusion or CsA+H. tomentosa, for 21 or 56 days. The treatments did not alter liver morphology or cause fibrosis. H. tomentosa administered for 21 days increased the number of hepatocyte nuclei and Kupffer cell volumetric proportion. After 56 days of treatment, H. tomentosa administration did not alter the parameters analyzed. Biochemical plasma dosages and liver stereology showed impairment caused by CsA-treatment after 21 days; these results were not observed after 56 days of treatment. The simultaneous treatment with CsA and H. tomentosa for 21 or 56 days did not alleviate nor accentuate CsA hepatic effects. The present study showed that the 21 days treatment with CsA caused more alteration to the liver than the 56 days treatment; this could be related to hepatic recovery after the long term treatment871369379FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2011/01160-

Caracterização da cadeia produtiva da tilápia nos principais polos de produção do Brasil.

A produção de tilápia tem crescido de forma constante nos últimos anos, assegurando a posição de espécie mais produzida na piscicultura brasileira. Apesar de ser produzida em quase todo o Brasil, a cadeia produtiva da tilápia apresenta uma concentração em determinadas microrregiões, sendo que os polos mais importantes em termos de volume de produção estão localizados nas regiões Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste. O presente estudo tem por objetivo fazer uma análise da cadeia produtiva da tilápia nos principais polos de produção do Brasil, a partir de entrevistas feita a produtores e demais agentes do setor. Os resultados indicam que os polos de tilapicultura são muitos diferentes quanto às suas características produtivas, socioeconômicas e estruturais. De uma maneira geral, os polos produtivos localizados nas regiões sul e sudeste dispõe de melhor infraestrutura rodoviária, maior oferta de crédito e maiores índices de produtividade. A estrutura da cadeia produtiva em termos de número de unidades de beneficiamento de pescado, produtores de formas jovens e fábricas de ração também é mais consolidada nestas duas regiões comparativamente aos polos localizados nas regiões nordeste e centro-oeste. Os problemas ambientais se apresentaram como um ponto comum à maioria dos polos, sendo a escassez hídrica e a ocorrência do molusco dourado alguns dos principais. Quanto à comercialização, os frigoríficos e atravessadores ou intermediários são os principais canais de venda, havendo, porém, diferenças importantes entre os polos. No polo do Oeste do Paraná todos os piscicultores destinam sua produção para os frigoríficos, enquanto no polo do Submédio São Francisco, apenas 1% dos piscicultores vendem para as unidades de beneficiamento. No que se refere aos gargalos do setor, os principais problemas mencionados foram o alto investimento necessário para a produção e a dificuldade para obtenção de licenças ambientais e de cessão de águas da união