Anaerobic co-digestion of grass and forbs – Influence of cattle manure or grass based inoculum

Anaerobic co-digestion of agricultural by-products or wastes with complementarity characteristics is commonly used to enhance methane yield. This study firstly explores the possibility of co-digesting grass and forb species (white clover, chicory and plantain) differing in nutrient composition in enhancing methane yield. This was examined with two inocula (a cattle manure-based inoculum and a grass-based inoculum) in a batch assay. Results showed that co-digesting grass and forbs synergistically enhanced methane yield potential on average by 31 L kg−1 volatile solids (+11%) and reduced lag phase time by 0.8 day in the grass-based inoculum, but not in the cattle manure-based inoculum. Mixtures containing plantain showed more consistent synergistic effect than chicory. Synergistic effects were attributed to more balanced nutrient composition (especially C/N ratio) in grass-forb mixtures. We demonstrate that anaerobic co-digestion of grass and forbs is feasible for enhancing methane yield, which promotes the utilization of multi-species grasslands for bioenergy production

Evolution of chemical composition and gas emissions from aged pig slurry during outdoor storage with and without prior solid separation

Chemical composition and gas emissions from two types of pig slurry were evaluated: the liquid fraction of mechanical solid-liquid separated slurry (SS), and raw slurry (RS). The slurry was obtained at the end of a pig fattening period and was stored in 100 l vessels for 15 weeks simulating outdoor storage conditions. During this period, representative samples were taken and analysed for chemical composition. Methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia, water vapour and nitrous oxide emissions were recorded. The results showed a high biological degradation during the first five weeks of outdoor storage in SS and RS slurries, as a result of an increase in the dissolved chemical oxygen demand, volatile fatty acids and carbon dioxide emission observed in this period. However, methanogenic activity was not evident until week 6 of storage in both slurries, confirmed by the volatile fatty acids accumulation and the negligible methane emissions during the first five weeks of storage. The results showed that differences in the initial slurry organic matter content, influenced by solid separation process affects the evolution pattern of the organic matter degradation. Storage time can considerably affect the biodegradability of organic matter in pig slurry. © 2011 IAgrE.This work was supported by the Agrobiogas project financed by the Agroalimed Foundation of the Conselleria de Agricultura, Pesca, Alimentacion y Agua of Valencia, Spain.Moset, V.; Cambra López, M.; Estellés, F.; Torres Salvador, AG.; Cerisuelo, A. (2012). Evolution of chemical composition and gas emissions from aged pig slurry during outdoor storage with and without prior solid separation. Biosystems Engineering. 111(1):2-10. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.10.001S210111

Composition, potential emissions and agricultural value of pig slurry from Spanish commercial farms

[EN] Pig slurry is a valuable fertilizer for crop production but at the same time its management may pose environmental risks. Slurry samples were collected from 77 commercial farms of four animal categories (gestating and lactating sows, nursery piglets and growing pigs) and analyzed for macronutrients, micronutrients, heavy metals and volatile fatty acids. Emissions of ammonia (NH3) and biochemical methane potential (BMP) were quantified. Slurry electrical conductivity, pH, dry matter content and ash content were also determined. Data analysis included an analysis of correlations among variables, the development of predictionmodels for gaseousemissions and the analysis of nutritional content of slurries for crop production. Descriptive information is provided in this work and shows a wide range of variability in all studied variables. Animal category affected some physicochemical parameters, probably as a consequence of different slurry management and use of cleaning water. Slurries from gestating sows and growing pigs tended to be more concentrated in nutrients, whereas the slurry from lactating sows and nursery piglets tended to be more diluted. Relevant relationships were found among slurry characteristics expressed in fresh basis and gas emissions. Predictivemodels using on-farmmeasurable parameterswere obtained forNH3 (R2 = 0.51) andCH4 (R2 = 0.76), which suggests that BMP may be estimated in commercial farms from easily determined slurry characteristics. Finally, slurry nutrient composition was highly variable. Therefore, complete analyses of slurries should be performed for an effective and environmental friendly land application.This project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2011-30023) and the Valencian Government (ACOMP/2013/118). We thank the BABEL Project, Building Academic Bonds between Europe and Latin America. Erasmus Mundus Programme Action 2 for PhD fellowships. The translation of this paper was funded by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain.Antezana-Julian, WO.; Blas, CD.; García-Rebollar, P.; Rodríguez, C.; Beccaccia, A.; Ferrer Riera, P.; Cerisuelo, A.... (2016). Composition, potential emissions and agricultural value of pig slurry from Spanish commercial farms. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 104(2):159-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-016-9764-3S1591731042Aarnink AJA, Verstegen MWA (2007) Nutrition, key factor to reduce environmental load from pig production. Livest Sci 109(1–3):194–203Abubaker J, Risberg K, Jönsson E, Dahlin A S, Cederlund H, Pell M (2015) Short-term effects of biogas digestates and pig slurry application on soil microbial activity. Appl Environ Soil Sci. Article ID 658542: 1–15Adekunle KF, Okolie JA (2015) A review of biochemical process of anaerobic digestion. 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Environ Sci Technol 48:12742–12749Beccaccia A, Ferrer P, Ibáñez MA, Estellés F, Rodríguez C, Moset V, De Blas C, Calvet S, García-rebollar P (2015) Relationships among slurry characteristics and gaseous emissions at different types of commercial spanish pig farms. Span J Agric Res 13(1):1–15Conn KL, Topp E, Lazarovits G (2007) Factors influencing the concentration of volatile fatty acids, ammonia, and other nutrients in stored liquid pig manure. J Environ Qual 36(2):440–447Diacono M, Montemurro F (2010) Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 30:401–422. doi: 10.1051/agro/2009040Díez JA, Hernaiz P, Muñoz MJ, Torre A, Vallejo A (2006) Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain. Soil Use Manag 20(4):444–450Dourmad J-Y, Jondreville C (2007) Impact of nutrition on nitrogen, phosphorus, Cu and Zn in pig manure, and on emissions of ammonia and odours. Livest Sci 112(3):192–198EUROSTAT (2015) Pig farming sector—statistical portrait. Pig Farming in the European Union: considerable variations from one member state to another. Statistics in Focus 15/2014. Author: Pol Marquer, Teresa Rabade, Roberta Forti ISSN:2314-9647, Catalogue number: KS-SF-14-015-EN-NFangueiro D, Lopes C, Surgy S, Vasconcelos E (2012a) Effect of the pig slurry separation techniques on the characteristics and potential availability of N to plants in the resulting liquid and solid fractions. Biosyst Eng 113(2):187–194Fangueiro D, Ribeiro H, Vasconcelos E, Coutinho J, Cabral F (2012b) Influence of animal slurries composition and relative particle size fractions on the C and N mineralization following soil incorporation. Biomass Bioenergy 47:50–51Ferrer P, Cambra-López M, Cerisuelo A, Peñaranda D, Moset V (2014) The use of agricultural substrates to improve methane yield in anaerobic co-digestion with pig slurry: effect of substrate type and inclusion level. 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Eur J Agron 44:47–86Hristov AN, Oh J, Lee C, Meinen R, Montes F, Ott T, Firkins J, Rotz A, Dell C, Adesogan A, Yang W, Tricarico J, Kebreab E, Waghorn G, Dijkstra J, Oosting S (2013) Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in livestock production—A review of technical options for non-CO2 emissions. In: Gerber PJ, Henderson B, Makkar HPS (eds) FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 177. FAO, RomeIguácel F, Yagüe MR, Betrán J, Orús F (2011) Ensayos de Fertilización Con Purín Porcino, En Cereales de Invierno de Secano, Dirección General de Desarrollo Rural, Centro de Transferencia Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón. Informe Técnico 226:15Jarret G, Cerisuelo A, Peu P, Martinez J, Dourmad JY (2012) Impact of pig diets with different fibre contents on the composition of excreta and their gaseous emissions and anaerobic digestion. 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Bioresour Technol 96(2):153–158Moral R, Perez-Murcia MD, Perez-Espinosa A, Moreno-Caselles J, Paredes C (2005b) Estimation of nutrient values of pig slurries in Southeast Spain using easily determined properties. Waste Manag 25(7):719–725Moral R, Perez-Murcia MD, Perez-Espinosa A, Moreno-Caselles J, Paredes C, Rufete B (2008) Salinity, organic content, micronutrients and heavy metals in pig slurries from South-Eastern Spain. Waste Manag 28(2):367–371Morazán H, Alvarez-Rodriguez J, Seradj AR, Balcells J, Babot D (2015) Trade-offs among growth performance, nutrient digestion and carcass traits when feeding low protein and/or high neutral-detergent fiber diets to growing-finishing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 207:168–180Moset V, Cambra-López M, Estellés F, Torres AG, Cerisuelo A (2012) Evolution of chemical composition and gas emissions from aged pig slurry during outdoor storage with and without prior solid separation. 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Age influence on effectiveness of a novel 3-phytase in barley-wheat based diets for pigs from 12 to 108 kg under commercial conditions

[EN] The main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of pig's age on the effectiveness of a new microbial 3-phytase, produced by Komagataella phaffii, under commercial conditions in barley-wheat based diets. Two experiments were conducted in weaned, growing and finishing pigs; firstly, to determine phytase efficacy on dry matter, organic matter, energy, protein and mineral (phosphorus, P and calcium, Ca) digestibility (n = 48; Experiment 1), and secondly, to evaluate the effect of phytase on growth performance and bone mineralization (n = 312; Experiment 2). In each experiment, three barley-wheat based diets were formulated following the recommendations for each animal age, of which two versions were manufactured, including 0 and 1000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of feed of the new 3-phytase to be tested. Results showed the new phytase had the potential to increase the digestibility of Ca and P (on av. + 0.05 and +0.06, respectively; P < 0.01), especially P digestibility in growing pigs (+0.10; P < 0.001), consequently decreasing P and Ca excretion. Digestible energy (DE) of the diet increased with the addition of phytase in weaned pigs (+0.69 MJ/kg of dry matter (DM); P < 0.001). Dietary inclusion of new 3-phytase enhanced average daily gain from 46 to 94 days of age (+0.07 kg/d; P < 0.05) and decreased feed conversion ratio from 46 to 154 days of age (on av. -0.13; P < 0.05), although no significant effect was observed from 154 to 185 days of age. Addition of the new 3-phytase also promoted bone mineralization, increasing the weight of the bones (+3.99 and +3.64 g of tibia at 95 days and metacarpus at 100 days of age, respectively; P < 0.05) and the ash, Ca and P content in these bones (e.g. + 0.46 and +0.33 g of P in tibia at 95 days and metacarpus at 100 days of age, respectively; P < 0.001). In conclusion, pig age affected the efficacy of a new 3-phytase on P and Ca digestibility both in weaned and growing diets and DE content of the weaned diets, which also resulted in improvements in growth, feed conversion and bone development until 154 days of age. These effects seem to be reduced during the finishing period, although the advantages of the new 3-phytase on bone mineralization were maintained until 185 days of age.We thank the technical staff at the experimental farms of the Research and Technology Animal Centre (CITA-IVIA), the Institute of Animal Science and Technology (Universitat Politècnica de Valencia) and Javier Gómez (Crianzas Campovivo) for expert technical assistance and experimental support.Cambra López, M.; Cerisuelo, A.; Ferrer, P.; Ródenas Martínez, L.; Aligué, R.; Moset, V.; Pascual Amorós, JJ. (2020). Age influence on effectiveness of a novel 3-phytase in barley-wheat based diets for pigs from 12 to 108 kg under commercial conditions. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 267:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114549S113267Adeola, O., & Cowieson, A. J. (2011). BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: Opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production. Journal of Animal Science, 89(10), 3189-3218. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3715Almeida, F. N., Sulabo, R. C., & Stein, H. H. (2013). Effects of a novel bacterial phytase expressed in Aspergillus Oryzae on digestibility of calcium and phosphorus in diets fed to weanling or growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 4(1). doi:10.1186/2049-1891-4-8Arredondo, M. A., Casas, G. A., & Stein, H. H. (2019). Increasing levels of microbial phytase increases the digestibility of energy and minerals in diets fed to pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 248, 27-36. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.01.001Atakora, J. K. A., Moehn, S., Sands, J. S., & Ball, R. O. (2011). Effects of dietary crude protein and phytase–xylanase supplementation of wheat grain based diets on energy metabolism and enteric methane in growing finishing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166-167, 422-429. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.030Blaabjerg, K., Nørgaard, J. V., & Poulsen, H. D. (2012). Effect of microbial phytase on phosphorus digestibility in non-heat-treated and heat-treated wheat–barley pig diets1. Journal of Animal Science, 90(suppl_4), 206-208. doi:10.2527/jas.53920Brady, S., Callan, J., Cowan, D., McGrane, M., & O’Doherty, J. (2002). Effect of phytase inclusion and calcium/phosphorus ratio on the performance and nutrient retention of grower-finisher pigs fed barley/wheat/soya bean meal-based diets. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 82(15), 1780-1790. doi:10.1002/jsfa.1262Braña, D. V., Ellis, M., Castañeda, E. O., Sands, J. S., & Baker, D. H. (2006). Effect of a novel phytase on growth performance, bone ash, and mineral digestibility in nursery and grower-finisher pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 84(7), 1839-1849. doi:10.2527/jas.2005-565Dersjant‐Li, Y., Awati, A., Schulze, H., & Partridge, G. (2014). Phytase in non‐ruminant animal nutrition: a critical review on phytase activities in the gastrointestinal tract and influencing factors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(5), 878-896. doi:10.1002/jsfa.6998Eeckhout, W., & De Paepe, M. (1994). Total phosphorus, phytate-phosphorus and phytase activity in plant feedstuffs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 47(1-2), 19-29. doi:10.1016/0377-8401(94)90156-2EMIOLA, A., AKINREMI, O., SLOMINSKI, B., & NYACHOTI, C. M. (2009). Nutrient utilization and manure P excretion in growing pigs fed corn-barley-soybean based diets supplemented with microbial phytase. Animal Science Journal, 80(1), 19-26. doi:10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008.00590.xGonzález-Vega, J. C., Walk, C. L., & Stein, H. H. (2015). Effects of microbial phytase on apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of calcium in calcium supplements fed to growing pigs1. Journal of Animal Science, 93(5), 2255-2264. doi:10.2527/jas.2014-8215Harper, A. F., Kornegay, E. T., & Schell, T. C. (1997). Phytase supplementation of low-phosphorus growing-finishing pig diets improves performance, phosphorus digestibility, and bone mineralization and reduces phosphorus excretion. Journal of Animal Science, 75(12), 3174. doi:10.2527/1997.75123174xHaug, W., & Lantzsch, H.-J. (1983). Sensitive method for the rapid determination of phytate in cereals and cereal products. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 34(12), 1423-1426. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740341217Heaney, R. P., Abrams, S., Dawson-Hughes, B., Looker, A., Looker, A., Marcus, R., … Weaver, C. (2001). Peak Bone Mass. Osteoporosis International, 11(12), 985-1009. doi:10.1007/s001980070020Jørgensen, B. (1995). Effect of different energy and protein levels on leg weakness and osteochondrosis in pigs. Livestock Production Science, 41(2), 171-181. doi:10.1016/0301-6226(94)00048-cKemme, P. A., Jongbloed, A. W., Mroz, Z., & Beynen, A. C. (1997). The efficacy of Aspergillus niger phytase in rendering phytate phosphorus available for absorption in pigs is influenced by pig physiological status. Journal of Animal Science, 75(8), 2129. doi:10.2527/1997.7582129xKiela, P. R., & Ghishan, F. K. (2016). Physiology of Intestinal Absorption and Secretion. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 30(2), 145-159. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2016.02.007Kim, J. C., Simmins, P. H., Mullan, B. P., & Pluske, J. R. (2005). The effect of wheat phosphorus content and supplemental enzymes on digestibility and growth performance of weaner pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 118(1-2), 139-152. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.08.016Koch, M. E., & Mahan, D. C. (1985). Biological Characteristics for Assessing Low Phosphorus Intake in Growing Swine. Journal of Animal Science, 60(3), 699-708. doi:10.2527/jas1985.603699xKonietzny, U., & Greiner, R. (2002). Molecular and catalytic properties of phytate-degrading enzymes (phytases). 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Effect of phytase-xylanase supplementation to wheat-based diets on energy metabolism in growing–finishing pigs fed ad libitum. Livestock Science, 109(1-3), 271-274. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.118Oryschak, M. A., Simmins, P. H., & Zijlstra, R. T. (2002). Effect of dietary particle size and carbohydrase and/or phytase supplementation on nitrogen and phosphorus excretion of grower pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 82(4), 533-540. doi:10.4141/a02-016Peter, C. ., Parr, T. ., Parr, E. ., Webel, D. ., & Baker, D. . (2001). The effects of phytase on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and bone mineralization of late-finishing pigs fed maize–soyabean meal diets containing no supplemental phosphorus, zinc, copper and manganese. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 94(3-4), 199-205. doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00300-5Rodehutscord, M., Faust, M., & Lorenz, H. (1996). Digestibility of phosphorus contained in soybean meal, barley, and different varieties of wheat, without and with supplemental phytase fed to pigs and additivity of digestibility in a wheatsoybean-meal diet. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 75(1-5), 40-48. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.1996.tb00466.xSelle, P. H., & Ravindran, V. (2008). Phytate-degrading enzymes in pig nutrition. Livestock Science, 113(2-3), 99-122. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.05.014Selle, P. H., Cadogan, D. J., & Bryden, W. L. (2003). Effects of phytase supplementation of phosphorus-adequate, lysine-deficient, wheat-based diets on growth performance of weaner pigs. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 54(3), 323. doi:10.1071/ar02121She, Y., Su, Y., Liu, L., Huang, C., Li, J., Li, P., … Piao, X. (2015). Effects of microbial phytase on coefficient of standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in growing pigs fed corn and corn co-products, wheat and wheat co-products and oilseed meals. 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Livestock Science, 138(1-3), 152-158. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.12.014Vipperman, P. E., Peo, E. R., & Cunningham, P. J. (1974). Effect of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus Level upon Calcium, Phosphorus and Nitrogen Balance in Swine. Journal of Animal Science, 38(4), 758-765. doi:10.2527/jas1974.384758

Report of the Regional Co-ordination Meeting for the North Sea and Eastern Arctic (RCM NS&EA) 2015

The RCM NS&EA met 31st August - 4th September 2015 at den Haag, Netherlands with 27 participants form 11 member states and autonomous regions attending, including representatives of ICES and the Commission. National correspondents from Spain, UK, Denmark, Lithuania, Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands were present. The meeting was co-chaired by Katja Ringdahl (Sweden) and Alastair Pout (Scotland). The RCM N&SEA considered the recommendations from the 11th Liasion meeting and summaries were presented of the work of expert groups and end users for the 2014-15 period to the plenary session of the meeting. The expert groups included WGCATCH, PGDATA, WKISCON2, WKRDB 2014-01, RDB–SC, STECF and the Zagreb meeting on transversal variables. ICES, as a main end user, provided feedback. A summary was presented of the progress in the regional coordination project (fishPi). This project involves over 40 participants from 12 members states from NS&EA, NA and Baltic regions, two external statistical experts, and ICES. The project has a wide scope of regional cooperation issues including sampling designs, data formats, code lists, PETS, stomach sampling, small scale and recreational sampling, and data quality software production. It has a budget of €400,000, and a one year time line and with a planned completion date of April 2016. A project with identical aims is running in paralleled in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions The majority of the ToRs of the RCM NS&EA were addressed by three subgroups: one concerned with data analysis, one with the landing obligation, and one with issues particularly related to role and work of national correspondents

Efectos de la inclusión de granos secos de destilería con solubles de sorgo (DDGS) en dietas de transición y cebo en porcino

The effects of sorghum distillers dried grains with solubles (sorghum-DDGS) in growing pig diets on growth performance and carcass quality were investigated. A total of 204 animals of 13.9±2.60 kg body weight (BW) were allocated into two dietary treatments, a conventional diet (C) and a diet containing sorghum-DDGS (DDGS). DDGS inclusion levels used were 150 g kg-1 in pigs from 14-40 kg BW, 300 g kg-1 from 40-80 kg BW and 350 g kg-1 from 80 kg BW to slaughter. Animals’ body weight, feed intake, backfat thickness (BF) and loin depth (LD) were measured throughout the study. Protein, fibre and fat content of sorghum-DDGS were approximately three times-fold those of the whole grain. During the nursery period, feed intake and final BW tended to be lower in the group of pigs fed DDGS compared to the piglets fed C diet (871.4 g d-1 and 30 kg vs 951.1 g d-1 and 31 kg). During the growing period no differences were found on growth performance between treatments. Pigs fed sorghum-DDGS showed higher BF than pigs fed C diet (10.96 mm vs 9.80 mm, p&lt;0.001). No differences were found on LD and carcass weight and yield between treatments. Thus, although 150 g kg-1 of sorghum-DDGS in nursery diets tended to reduce growth performance, inclusion rates up to 300-350 g kg-1 during the finishing phase did not affect it, but led to fatter carcasses.Los efectos de la inclusión de granos de sorgo secos de destilería con solubles (DDGS-sorgo) en dietas de cerdos sobre el rendimiento productivo y la calidad de la canal fueron investigados. Un total de 204 animales de 13,9±2,60 kg de peso vivo (PV) se dividieron en dos tratamientos, unos alimentados con un pienso convencional (C) y otros con un pienso con DDGS-sorgo (DDGS). Los niveles de inclusión de DDGS fueron: 150 g kg-1 en cerdos de 14-40 kg PV; 300 g kg-1 de 40-80 kg PV y 350 g kg-1 de 80 kg PV hasta sacrificio. Durante el estudio se midió el peso, consumo, espesor de grasa dorsal (EGD) y la profundidad de lomo (PL) de los animales. El contenido en proteína, fibra y grasa de los DDGS-sorgo fue alrededor de tres veces superior al del grano. Durante la transición, el consumo de pienso y el peso final tendió a ser menor en el grupo DDGS que en el grupo C (871,4 g d-1 y 30 kg vs 951,1 g d-1 y 31 kg). En cebo no se encontraron diferencias entre tratamientos. Los animales alimentados con DDGS-sorgo mostraron mayor EGD que los del grupo C (10,96 vs 9,80 mm, p&lt;0,001). La PL y el peso y rendimiento de la canal fueron similares entre tratamientos. Por lo tanto, si bien concentraciones de 150 g kg-1 de DDGS-sorgo redujeron los rendimientos productivos en transición, niveles de 300-350 g kg-1 durante el cebo no los afectaron, aunque produjeron canales más grasas

Process performance of anaerobic co-digestion of raw and acidified pig slurry

The effect of incorporating different ratios of acidified pig slurry on methane yield was evaluated in two scales of anaerobic digesters: Thermophilic (50 C) pilot scale digester (120 l), operating with an average hydraulic retention time of 20 days and thermophilic (52 C) full-scale digesters (10 and 30 m 3 ), operating with an average hydraulic retention time of 30 days. In the lab-scale digester, different inclusion levels of acidified slurry (0e60%) were tested each 15 days, to determine the maximum ratio of acidified to non-acidified slurry causing inhibition and to find process state indicators helping to prevent process failure. In the full-scale digesters, the level of inclusion of the acidified slurry was chosen from the ratio causing methane inhibition in the pilot scale experiment and was carried on in a long-term process of 100 days. The optimal inclusion level of acidified pig slurry in anaerobic codigestion with conventional slurry was 10%, which promoted anaerobic methane yield by nearly 20%. Higher inclusion levels caused methane inhibition and volatile fatty acids accumulations in both experiments. In order to prevent process failure, the most important traits to monitor in the anaerobic digestion of acidified pig slurry were found to be: sulfate content of the slurry, alkalinity parameters (especially partial alkalinity and the ratio of alkalinity) and total volatile fatty acids (especially acetic and butyric acids

Microbial examination of anaerobic sludge adaptation to animal slurry

The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the microbial population of anaerobic sludge digesters during the adaptation to pig slurry (PS) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and qualitative scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the relationship between microbial parameters and sludge physicochemical composition and methane yield was examined. Results showed that the addition of PS to an unadapted thermophilic anaerobic digester caused an increase in volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, a decrease in removal efficiency and CH4 yield. Additionally, increases in total bacteria and total archaea were observed using qPCR. Scanning electron micrographs provided a general overview of the sludge¿s cell morphology, morphological diversity and degree of organic matter degradation. A change in microbial morphotypes from homogeneous cell morphologies to a higher morphological diversity, similar to that observed in PS, was observed with the addition of PS by SEM. Therefore, the combination of qPCR and SEM allowed expanding the knowledge about the microbial adaptation to animal slurry in thermophilic anaerobic digesters.This work has been supported by the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias of the Ministry of Agriculture of Spain with the projects INIA RTA2006-00143 and INIA RTA2010-0132.Moset Hernández, V.; Cerisuelo García, A.; Ferrer Riera, P.; Jiménez Belenguer, AI.; Bertolini, E.; Cambra López, M. (2013). Microbial examination of anaerobic sludge adaptation to animal slurry. Environmental Technology. 35(6):749-758. doi:10.1080/09593330.2013.848940S749758356Costa, R. D., Tavares, C. R. G., & Cossich, E. S. (2007). Stabilization of Swine Wastes by Anaerobic Digestion. 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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(5), 3578-3585. doi:10.1128/aem.72.5.3578-3585.2006Liu, F. H., Wang, S. B., Zhang, J. S., Zhang, J., Yan, X., Zhou, H. K., … Zhou, Z. H. (2009). The structure of the bacterial and archaeal community in a biogas digester as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 106(3), 952-966. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04064.xHori, T., Haruta, S., Ueno, Y., Ishii, M., & Igarashi, Y. (2006). Dynamic Transition of a Methanogenic Population in Response to the Concentration of Volatile Fatty Acids in a Thermophilic Anaerobic Digester. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(2), 1623-1630. doi:10.1128/aem.72.2.1623-1630.2006Song, L., Laguerre, S., Dumon, C., Bozonnet, S., & O’Donohue, M. J. (2010). A high-throughput screening system for the evaluation of biomass-hydrolyzing glycoside hydrolases. Bioresource Technology, 101(21), 8237-8243. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.097Sanz, J. L., & Köchling, T. (2007). Molecular biology techniques used in wastewater treatment: An overview. Process Biochemistry, 42(2), 119-133. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2006.10.003Miron, Y. (2000). The role of sludge retention time in the hydrolysis and acidification of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins during digestion of primary sludge in CSTR systems. Water Research, 34(5), 1705-1713. doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00280-8De la Rubia, M. A., Perez, M., Romero, L. I., & Sales, D. (2006). Effect of solids retention time (SRT) on pilot scale anaerobic thermophilic sludge digestion. Process Biochemistry, 41(1), 79-86. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2005.03.073APHA, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. In Greenberg AE, Clesceri LS, Eaton AD, editors. 21th ed. Washington DC, USA: American Public Health Association; 2005. pp. 1325.Moset, V., Cerisuelo, A., Sutaryo, S., & Møller, H. B. (2012). Process performance of anaerobic co-digestion of raw and acidified pig slurry. Water Research, 46(16), 5019-5027. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.032Yu, Y., Kim, J., & Hwang, S. (2006). Use of real-time PCR for group-specific quantification of aceticlastic methanogens in anaerobic processes: Population dynamics and community structures. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 93(3), 424-433. doi:10.1002/bit.20724Prenafeta-Boldú, F. X., Guivernau, M., Gallastegui, G., Viñas, M., Hoog, G. S., & Elías, A. (2012). Fungal/bacterial interactions during the biodegradation of TEX hydrocarbons (toluene, ethylbenzene and p-xylene) in gas biofilters operated under xerophilic conditions. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 80(3), 722-734. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01344.xLiu, W.-T., Chan, O.-C., & Fang, H. H. P. (2002). Microbial community dynamics during start-up of acidogenic anaerobic reactors. Water Research, 36(13), 3203-3210. doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00022-2Griffin, M. E., McMahon, K. D., Mackie, R. I., & Raskin, L. (1998). Methanogenic population dynamics during start-up of anaerobic digesters treating municipal solid waste and biosolids. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 57(3), 342-355. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980205)57:33.0.co;2-iGriffith, G. W., Ozkose, E., Theodorou, M. K., & Davies, D. R. (2009). Diversity of anaerobic fungal populations in cattle revealed by selective enrichment culture using different carbon sources. Fungal Ecology, 2(2), 87-97. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2009.01.005Shin, S. G., Lee, S., Lee, C., Hwang, K., & Hwang, S. (2010). Qualitative and quantitative assessment of microbial community in batch anaerobic digestion of secondary sludge. Bioresource Technology, 101(24), 9461-9470. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.081Molinuevo-Salces, B., González-Fernández, C., Gómez, X., García-González, M. C., & Morán, A. (2012). Vegetable processing wastes addition to improve swine manure anaerobic digestion: Evaluation in terms of methane yield and SEM characterization. Applied Energy, 91(1), 36-42. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.09.01