Detecting relic gravitational radiation from string cosmology with LIGO

A characteristic spectrum of relic gravitational radiation is produced by a period of ``stringy inflation" in the early universe. This spectrum is unusual, because the energy-density rises rapidly with frequency. We show that correlation experiments with the two gravitational wave detectors being built for the Laser Interferometric Gravitational Observatory (LIGO) could detect this relic radiation, for certain ranges of the parameters that characterize the underlying string cosmology model.Comment: 6 pages, 5 eps figures, Revte

Relating gravitational wave constraints from primordial nucleosynthesis, pulsar timing, laser interferometers, and the CMB: implications for the early universe

We derive a general master equation relating the gravitational-wave observables r and Omega_gw(f). Here r is the tensor-to-scalar ratio, constrained by cosmic-microwave-background (CMB) experiments; and Omega_gw(f) is the energy spectrum of primordial gravitational-waves, constrained e.g. by pulsar-timing measurements, laser-interferometer experiments, and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). Differentiating the master equation yields a new expression for the tilt d(ln Omega_gw(f))/d(ln f). The relationship between r and Omega_gw(f) depends sensitively on the uncertain physics of the early universe, and we show that this uncertainty may be encapsulated (in a model-independent way) by two quantities: w_hat(f) and nt_hat(f), where nt_hat(f) is a certain logarithmic average over nt(k) (the primordial tensor spectral index); and w_hat(f) is a certain logarithmic average over w_tilde(a) (the effective equation-of-state in the early universe, after horizon re-entry). Here the effective equation-of-state parameter w_tilde(a) is a combination of the ordinary equation-of-state parameter w(a) and the bulk viscosity zeta(a). Thus, by comparing constraints on r and Omega_gw(f), one can obtain (remarkably tight) constraints in the [w_hat(f), nt_hat(f)] plane. In particular, this is the best way to constrain (or detect) the presence of a ``stiff'' energy component (with w > 1/3) in the early universe, prior to BBN. Finally, although most of our analysis does not assume inflation, we point out that if CMB experiments detect a non-zero value for r, then we will immediately obtain (as a free by-product) a new upper bound w_hat < 0.55 on the logarithmically averaged effective equation-of-state parameter during the ``primordial dark age'' between the end of inflation and the start of BBN.Comment: v1: 12 + 6 pages (main text + appendices), 7 figures; v2: fonts fixed in figure

Avaliação do paciente com artrite

Arthritis are clinical manifestations of plenty of diseases. Its etiological classification is many times difficult and depends on careful clinical history and physical examination. Gout and skeptical arthritis presents commonly as acute monoarthritis and reactional arthritis are often polyarticular. Hospitalar admission is a risk factor to the development of reactional arthritis, crisis of gout and septical arthritis.Early diagnosis is imperative to start early treatment, symptom relief and articular function preservation.Synovial fluid aspiration and its analysis are of critical diagnostic importance in cases of acute monoarthritis.Artrites são manifestações clínicas de uma série de doenças. Sua classificação etiológica é muitas vezes difícil e depende de história clínica e exame físico cuidadosos. Artrite séptica e gota se apresentam mais comumente como monoartrite aguda e quadros reacionais são geralmente poliarticulares. A internação hospitalar é fator de risco para o desenvolvimento tanto de artrites reacionais quanto para crises de gota e artrite séptica. O diagnóstico precoce é muito importante a fim de iniciar o tratamento precocemente, alívio dos sintomas e preservação da funcionalidade articular. A punção do líquido sinovial e sua análise são de fundamental importância diagnóstica nos quadros de monoartrite aguda

Peak and end point of the relic graviton background in string cosmology

Using general arguments we determine the allowed region for the end point frequency and the peak energy density of the stochastic background of gravity waves expected in string cosmology. We provide an accurate estimate of the minimal experimental sensitivity required to detect a signal in the Hz to GHz range.Comment: 11 pages, LATEX, one figure included using eps. A complete collection of papers and references on the pre-big-bang scenario in string cosmology is available at http://www.to.infn.it/teorici/gasperini

Scalar and Tensor Inhomogeneities from Dimensional Decoupling

We discuss some perturbative techniques suitable for the gauge-invariant treatment of the scalar and tensor inhomogeneities of an anisotropic and homogeneous background geometry whose spatial section naturally decomposes into the direct product of two maximally symmetric Eucledian manifolds, describing a general situation of dimensional decoupling in which $d$ external dimensions evolve (in conformal time) with scale factor $a(\eta)$ and $n$ internal dimensions evolve with scale factor $b(\eta)$. We analyze the growing mode problem which typically arises in contracting backgrounds and we focus our attention on the situation where the amplitude of the fluctuations not only depends on the external space-time but also on the internal spatial coordinates. In order to illustrate the possible relevance of this analysis we compute the gravity waves spectrum produced in some highly simplified model of cosmological evolution and we find that the spectral amplitude, whose magnitude can be constrained by the usual bounds applied to the stochastic gravity waves backgrounds, depends on the curvature scale at which the compactification occurs and also on the typical frequency of the internal excitations.Comment: 31 pages, Latex, DAMTP 96-92, UCM 96-04, to appear in Phys. Rev. D 55 (1997

Thermal history of the plasma and high-frequency gravitons

Possible deviations from a radiation-dominated evolution, occurring prior the synthesis of light nuclei, impacted on the spectral energy density of high-frequency gravitons. For a systematic scrutiny of this situation, the $\Lambda$CDM paradigm must be complemented by (at least two) physical parameters describing, respectively, a threshold frequency and a slope. The supplementary frequency scale sets the lower border of a high-frequency domain where the spectral energy grows with a slope which depends, predominantly, upon the total sound speed of the plasma right after inflation. While the infra-red region of the graviton energy spectrum is nearly scale-invariant, the expected signals for typical frequencies larger than 0.01 nHz are hereby analyzed in a model-independent framework by requiring that the total sound speed of the post-inflationary plasma be smaller than the speed of light. Current (e.g. low-frequency) upper limits on the tensor power spectra (determined from the combined analysis of the three large-scale data sets) are shown to be compatible with a detectable signal in the frequency range of wide-band interferometers. In the present context, the scrutiny of the early evolution of the sound speed of the plasma can then be mapped onto a reliable strategy of parameter extraction including not only the well established cosmological observables but also the forthcoming data from wide band interferometers.Comment: 47 pages, 31 included figures, to appear in Classical and Quantum Gravit

Portuguese Ministers, 1851-1999: Social Background and Paths to Power

Disponível em: http://193.136.113.6/Opac/Pages/Search/Results.aspx?SearchText=UID=bb8aa8d5-c6b6-466a-81bb-fe8a67693cee&DataBase=10449_UNLFCSHThis paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of regime changes in the composition and patterns of recruitment of the Portuguese ministerial elite throughout the last 150 years. The ‘out-of-type’, violent nature of most regime transformations accounts for the purges in and the extensive replacements of the political personnel, namely of the uppermost officeholders. In the case of Cabinet members, such discontinuities did not imply, however, radical changes in their social profile. Although there were some significant variations, a series of salient characteristics have persisted over time. The typical Portuguese minister is a male in his midforties, of middle-class origin and predominantly urban-born, highly educated and with a state servant background. The two main occupational contingents have been university professors - except for the First Republic (1910-26) - and the military, the latter having only recently been eclipsed with the consolidation of contemporary democracy. As regards career pathways, the most striking feature is the secular trend for the declining role of parliamentary experience, which the democratic regime did not clearly reverse. In this period, a technocratic background rather than political experience has been indeed the privileged credential for a significant proportion of minister

Stochastic backgrounds of relic gravitons: a theoretical appraisal

Stochastic backgrounds or relic gravitons, if ever detected, will constitute a prima facie evidence of physical processes taking place during the earliest stages of the evolution of the plasma. The essentials of the stochastic backgrounds of relic gravitons are hereby introduced and reviewed. The pivotal observables customarily employed to infer the properties of the relic gravitons are discussed both in the framework of the $\Lambda$CDM paradigm as well as in neighboring contexts. The complementarity between experiments measuring the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (such as, for instance, WMAP, Capmap, Quad, Cbi, just to mention a few) and wide band interferometers (e.g. Virgo, Ligo, Geo, Tama) is emphasized. While the analysis of the microwave sky strongly constrains the low-frequency tail of the relic graviton spectrum, wide-band detectors are sensitive to much higher frequencies where the spectral energy density depends chiefly upon the (poorly known) rate of post-inflationary expansion.Comment: 94 pages, 32 figure

Variability of current clinical practices for locally advanced cervical cancer through assessment of contouring, prescription, and IMRT/VMAT planning abilities

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