Using a Bias Potential in a Constant and Pulse Modes for Structural Engineering Vacuum Arc Nanocrystalline Coatings of Zirconium Nitride

In order to develop the direction of "structural engineering nitride coatings" in the work conducted systematic analysis of the impact of the negative bias potential (direct and high-voltage pulse) on the structure, substructure and mechanical properties of ZrN coatings obtained by vacuum arc evaporation. Defined boundary value of (– 100 V) DC potential applied to the substrate, below which a high-voltage pulse potential (– 1200 ... – 2000 V quantity that allows to form peaks bias) makes a decisive contribution to the formation of preferred orientation of the crystallites with the [110] axis. The highest values of hardness 43 GPa are achieved at a constant potential -70 V. Supply high-voltage pulse shifts the maximum hardness in the direction of a greater value of the constant potential

Structural engineering of NbN/Cu multilayer coatings by changing the thickness of the layers and the magnitude of the bias potential during deposition

To determine the patterns of structural engineering of vacuum-arc coatings based on niobium nitride in the NbN/Cu multilayer composition, the effect of layer thickness and bias potential on the structural-phase state and physico-mechanical characteristics of vacuum-arc coatings was studie

Soil quality indicators of arable lands in the Russian Federation

The study presents three groups of Soil Quality Indicators (SQI) of arable lands in the Russian Federation, such as agroclimate conditions, soil parameters and negative soil characteristics. The selection of SQI meets the requirements of the crop growth model for calculating the standard crop yield. The application of SQI in the Grain Equivalent Model allows ranking quality of the soils of agricultural lands in the country. The share of the best quality Chernozems with the standard yield of grain crops exceeding 4 t/ha is about 10%. At the same time, arable Chernozems occupy nearly 66% of total area of agricultural lands. More than 74% of the arable lands including podzolized and leached Chernozems in the northern part and Chernozems southern in the southern part of the agricultural zone are characterized by medium quality with the standard yield of grain crops 2-4 t/ha. About 10% of the arable land occupied by Chestnut solonetzic and saline soils are of poorer quality with the standard yield of grain crops less than 1 t/ha. The proposed indicators are included in the government programs for valuating and monitoring the quality of agricultural lands. The universal validity of indicators is a basis for the development of a new generation of standards for the protection and rational use of soils based on modern digital technologies and GIS approaches

Development of the conceptual framework for soil protection and management in the European Union

The concepts defining the policy of soil protection and rational use (SPRU) in the European Union (EU) are considered. It is found that the focuses of SPRU have evolved significantly since the early 1990s. Initially the SPRU was not considered separately, it was associated with the protection of other environment components, for example, soil соntamination resulting from air pollution or the disposal of industrial and municipal wastes. In 2006 the stand-alone EU Soil Protection Strategy was established. This document was focused on soil protection against physical degradation (erosion, compaction, sealing, etc.) and on preservation of soil functions. The new Soil Strategy 2030 is based on the provisions of the previous Strategy document and is primarily aimed at improving soil health. Special attention is paid to the conservation of soils as a spatial resource and its efficient use in the system of a circular (closed-loop economy) economy. Looking at the evolution of the EU policy towards the SPRU, it can be concluded that the main development has led to an understanding of the importance of soil health and awareness of the need to conserve soil as multi-target spatial and functional basis for human health, wildlife and climate

Methodological approaches to the formation of a unified national system of monitoring and accounting of carbon balance and greenhouse gas emissions on lands of the agricultural fund of the Russian Federation

Methodological approaches to the formation of a unified national system for monitoring and accounting the balance of carbon and greenhouse gas emissions are considered. The purpose, typification, requirements for the spatial placement of “carbon” polygons, assessment of the carbon absorption capacity of forests and agricultural ecosystems in the Russian Federation, the standard methodology recommended by the international community for assessing carbon stocks in soils, which should be applied in the Russian Federation to ensure comparability of the results of greenhouse gas accounting between countries, determination of the carbon absorption capacity of natural ecosystems and soils are discussed. The potential of carbon uptake by agricultural soils is shown. The list of indicators for assessing soil carbon according to the IPCC methodology for Tiers 2 and 3 is given. Taking into account the analysis of international practice, as well as on the basis of theoretical and applied experience of national science, the priority measures have been developed, they are aimed at working out and implementation of the national strategy for the use of terrestrial ecosystems in order to regulate greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change

Ranking of acidic soils by priority of liming in the Russian Federation

Excessively acidic soils account for one third of arable land in the Russian Federation (35.1 million ha). Over the post-reform period (1990–2019), the relative share of acidic soils increased by 2%, due to a sharp decrease in the area of liming, and thus restoration of acidic properties of genetically acidic soils previously limed, as well as the involvement in agricultural use of some abandoned fields and fallows covered by acidic soils. This paper demonstrates a new approach to prioritize areas for liming by the example of the Vladimir region. The study makes use of newly established database “Soils of agricultural lands in the Russian Federation” which includes 10,000 soil quality typological unites and 57,678 soil quality mapping units (SQMU). National “Grain equivalent model” calculates the standard yields for grain crops by each SQMU. The GIS analysis allows joining spatial distribution of soil acidity and standard yields of grains in order to determine the priority areas for lime application. Acidic soils with the highest grains standard yield are proposed to be considered as high-priority ones for liming. Application of the given method in two districts of the Vladimir region showed significant reduction in the payback period of liming

Global climate and soil cover – implications for land use in Russia

The necessity of a comprehensive description of greenhouse gas fluxes on different types of soils, the methodology for creating “carbon polygons” and “carbon farms” with the use of modern methods for assessing carbon fluxes in ecosystems, taking into account the specifics of the natural conditions of Russia and competitive advantages, are substantiated. Directions for developing national methods for calculating carbon fluxes are given, which should be subjected to verification by the interested parties of the Paris Agreement adopted by the Russian Federation. Such issues are considered as the role and potential of the Russian soil cover in the carbon balance of the planet, factors of reducing carbon stocks from the upper 1 meter depth layer of the soil, competitive edge in the EU and the Western world in the questions of natural and climatic changes, the use of remote sensing of the Earth from space in order to obtain regular, complete and reliable estimates of the absorption of greenhouse gases

Лучевое лечение рака легкого

The article discusses various aspects of radiotherapy of lung cancer depending on location and size of the primary tumour, its histological type, metastases into regional lymph nodes and other organs, and clinical features in a patient. The radiotherapy of lung cancer have developed to a certain degree and is effective in most patients. Doctors and health care workers should consider that not enough compliance with a radiologist can diminish the effect of the therapy.В статье рассматриваются различные аспекты лучевой терапии рака легкого (РЛ) в зависимости от локализации и размеров первичной опухоли, от ее гистологической характеристики, метастазирования в регионарные лимфатические узлы и отдаленные органы, от проявлений болезни у конкретного пациента. Лучевое лечение РЛ достигло определенной степени совершенства и дает реальный лечебный эффект у большого числа больных. Отдельным врачам и здравоохранению в целом необходимо иметь в виду, что отсутствие контакта с радиологом ведет к нэффективности лечения

The Initiative “4 per 1000” - a new global challenge for the soils of Russia

The implementation of the “4 per mille” or “4 per 1000” Initiative in Russia can be one of the instruments mitigating concentration of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is estimated that the total annual absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2), including natural dynamics and application of carbon saving technologies in agriculture, can be as much as 23–28 % of annual emission of the gas into the atmosphere. The “4 per 1000” Initiative mechanism will operate successfully for 12–15 years, which corresponds to the time of saturation of arable soil with carbon. The implementation of the “4 per mille” Initiative is not only Russia's positioning among the countries that support sustainable, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly development, but also demonstrates the ability of the country to realize its competitive advantages in demand in the low-carbon world

Влияние давления азотной атмосферы, постоянного и высоковольтного импульсного потенциалов подложки на структуру и свойства вакуумно-дуговых покрытий ZrN

ZrN-phase coatings with a cubic lattice (NaCl structure type) were produced by the method of vacuum-arc evaporation of a Zr cathode in nitrogen atmosphere at pressures PN between 0.02 and 0.64 Pa. The pressure increase at a bias potential of -150 V leads to formation of the growth texture [111] or to appearance of the bitextural state with the axes [111] and [311]. Additional pulsed-mode supply of high-voltage negative potential Uip = 800…2000 V, with pulse duration of 10 μs and frequency of 7 kHz, stimulates the emergence of texture [110]. At the substructure level, the Uip supply causes the microstrain relaxation and the crystallite size growth with increasing pressure. The observed changes are attributed to increased particle mobility and nitride formation activity under the action of Uip. The hardness increases with increasing pressure and reaches a value of 43 GPa. The Uip supply leads to a shift of the maximum hardness towards higher pressures.Методом вакуумно-дугового испарения Zr-катода в азотной атмосфере при давлении PN = 0,02…0,64 Па получены покрытия ZrN с кубической (структурный тип NaCl) кристаллической решеткой. Повышение давления при потенциале смещения -150 В приводит к образованию текстуры роста [111] или появлению битекстурного состояния с осями [111] и [311]. Дополнительная подача высоковольтного отрицательного потенциала Uпи = 800…2000 В в импульсном режиме с длительностью 10 мкс и частотой 7 кГц стимулирует появление текстуры [110]. На субструктурном уровне подача Uпи приводит к релаксации микродеформации и росту размеров кристаллитов при повышении давления азота. Наблюдаемые изменения связываются с повышением подвижности частиц и активности нитридообразования в условиях действия Uпи.. Твердость возрастает с увеличением давления и достигает значения 43 ГПа. Подача Uпи приводит к смещению максимальной твердости в сторону больших давлений