47 research outputs found
Expression of miRNAs in ovine fetal gonads: potential role in gonadal differentiation
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Gonadal differentiation in the mammalian fetus involves a complex dose-dependent genetic network. Initiation and progression of fetal ovarian and testicular pathways are accompanied by dynamic expression patterns of thousands of genes. We postulate these expression patterns are regulated by small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs). The aim of this study was to identify the expression of miRNAs in mammalian fetal gonads using sheep as a model.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We determined the expression of 128 miRNAs by real time PCR in early-gestational (gestational day (GD) 42) and mid-gestational (GD75) sheep ovaries and testes. Expression data were further examined and validated by bioinformatic analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Expression analysis revealed significant differences between ovaries and testes among 24 miRNAs at GD42, and 43 miRNAs at GD75. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that a number of differentially expressed miRNAs are predicted to target genes known to be important in mammalian gonadal development, including <it>ESR1, CYP19A1</it>, and <it>SOX9</it>. In situ hybridization revealed <it>miR-22 </it>localization within fetal testicular cords. As estrogen signaling is important in human and sheep ovarian development, these data indicate that miR-22 is involved in repressing estrogen signaling within fetal testes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Based on our results we postulate that gene expression networks underlying fetal gonadal development are regulated by miRNAs.</p
Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Prognostic Importance of Positive FDG PET Findings in the Mediastinum for Patients with N0–N1 Disease at Pathologic Analysis
In non-small cell lung cancer, preoperative evaluation of the mediastinum with PET may complement the surgical and histologic findings
Structural Relationships between Highly Conserved Elements and Genes in Vertebrate Genomes
Large numbers of sequence elements have been identified to be highly conserved among vertebrate genomes. These highly conserved elements (HCEs) are often located in or around genes that are involved in transcription regulation and early development. They have been shown to be involved in cis-regulatory activities through both in vivo and additional computational studies. We have investigated the structural relationships between such elements and genes in six vertebrate genomes human, mouse, rat, chicken, zebrafish and tetraodon and detected several thousand cases of conserved HCE-gene associations, and also cases of HCEs with no common target genes. A few examples underscore the potential significance of our findings about several individual genes. We found that the conserved association between HCE/HCEs and gene/genes are not restricted to elements by their absolute distance on the genome. Notably, long-range associations were identified and the molecular functions of the associated genes do not show any particular overrepresentation of the functional categories previously reported. HCEs in close proximity are found to be linked with different set of gene/genes. The results reflect the highly complex correlation between HCEs and their putative target genes
Integrative analysis of the human cis-antisense gene pairs, miRNAs and their transcription regulation patterns
Cis-antisense gene pairs (CASGPs) can transcribe mRNAs from an opposite strand of a given locus. To classify and understand diverse CASGP phenomena in the human we compiled a genome-wide catalog of CASGPs and integrated these sequences with microarray, SAGE and miRNA data. Using the concept of overlapping regions and clustering of SA transcripts by chromosome coordinates, we identified up to 9000 overlapping antisense loci. Four thousand three hundred and seventy-four of these CASGPs form 1759 complex gene architectures. We found that ∼35% (6347/18160) of RefSeq genes are overlapped with the antisense transcripts. About 30% of Affymetrix U133 microarray initial sequences map transcripts of ∼35% CASGPs and reveal mostly concordant expression in CASGPs. We found strong significant overrepresentation of human miRNA genes in loci of CASGPs. We developed a data-driven model of cross-talk between co-expressed CASGPs and DICER1-mediated miRNA pathway in normal spermatogenesis and in severe teratozoospermia. Specifically, we revealed complex SA structural–functional gene module composing the protein-coding genes, WDR6, DALRD3, NDUFAF3 and ncRNA precursors, mir-425 and mir-191, which could provide downregulation of ncRNA pathway via direct targeting DICER1 and basonuclin 2 transcripts by mir-425 and mir-191 in normal spermatogenesis, but this mechanism is switched off in severe teratozoospermia. The database is available from http://globalisland.bii.a-star.edu.sg/∼jiangtao/sas/index3.php?link =abou
Novel transcripts reveal a complex structure of the human TRKA gene and imply the presence of multiple protein isoforms
Publisher Copyright: © 2015 Luberg et al.Background: Tropomyosin-related kinase A (TRKA) is a nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor that belongs to the tyrosine kinase receptor family. It is critical for the correct development of many types of neurons including pain-mediating sensory neurons and also controls proliferation, differentiation and survival of many neuronal and non-neuronal cells. TRKA (also known as NTRK1) gene is a target of alternative splicing which can result in several different protein isoforms. Presently, three human isoforms (TRKAI, TRKAII and TRKAIII) and two rat isoforms (TRKA L0 and TRKA L1) have been described. Results: We show here that human TRKA gene is overlapped by two genes and spans 67 kb-almost three times the size that has been previously described. Numerous transcription initiation sites from eight different 5' exons and a sophisticated splicing pattern among exons encoding the extracellular part of TRKA receptor indicate that there might be a large variety of alternative protein isoforms. TrkA genes in rat and mouse appear to be considerably shorter, are not overlapped by other genes and display more straightforward splicing patterns. We describe the expression profile of alternatively spliced TRKA transcripts in different tissues of human, rat and mouse, as well as analyze putative endogenous TRKA protein isoforms in human SH-SY5Y and rat PC12 cells. We also characterize a selection of novel putative protein isoforms by portraying their phosphorylation, glycosylation and intracellular localization patterns. Our findings show that an isoform comprising mainly of TRKA kinase domain is capable of entering the nucleus. Conclusions: Results obtained in this study refer to the existence of a multitude of TRKA mRNA and protein isoforms, with some putative proteins possessing very distinct properties.publishersversionPeer reviewe
Differential Pathogenesis of Lung Adenocarcinoma Subtypes Involving Sequence Mutations, Copy Number, Chromosomal Instability, and Methylation
Lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) has extreme genetic variation among patients, which is currently not well understood, limiting progress in therapy development and research. LAD intrinsic molecular subtypes are a validated stratification of naturally-occurring gene expression patterns and encompass different functional pathways and patient outcomes. Patients may have incurred different mutations and alterations that led to the different subtypes. We hypothesized that the LAD molecular subtypes co-occur with distinct mutations and alterations in patient tumors.The LAD molecular subtypes (Bronchioid, Magnoid, and Squamoid) were tested for association with gene mutations and DNA copy number alterations using statistical methods and published cohorts (n = 504). A novel validation (n = 116) cohort was assayed and interrogated to confirm subtype-alteration associations. Gene mutation rates (EGFR, KRAS, STK11, TP53), chromosomal instability, regional copy number, and genomewide DNA methylation were significantly different among tumors of the molecular subtypes. Secondary analyses compared subtypes by integrated alterations and patient outcomes. Tumors having integrated alterations in the same gene associated with the subtypes, e.g. mutation, deletion and underexpression of STK11 with Magnoid, and mutation, amplification, and overexpression of EGFR with Bronchioid. The subtypes also associated with tumors having concurrent mutant genes, such as KRAS-STK11 with Magnoid. Patient overall survival, cisplatin plus vinorelbine therapy response and predicted gefitinib sensitivity were significantly different among the subtypes.The lung adenocarcinoma intrinsic molecular subtypes co-occur with grossly distinct genomic alterations and with patient therapy response. These results advance the understanding of lung adenocarcinoma etiology and nominate patient subgroups for future evaluation of treatment response
Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome and the Estrogen Hypothesis: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND: Male reproductive tract abnormalities such as hypospadias and cryptorchidism, and testicular cancer have been proposed to comprise a common syndrome together with impaired spermatogenesis with a common etiology resulting from the disruption of gonadal development during fetal life, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). The hypothesis that in utero exposure to estrogenic agents could induce these disorders was first proposed in 1993. The only quantitative summary estimate of the association between prenatal exposure to estrogenic agents and testicular cancer was published over 10 years ago, and other systematic reviews of the association between estrogenic compounds, other than the potent pharmaceutical estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES), and
TDS end points have remained inconclusive.
OBJECTIVES: We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of the association between the end points related to TDS and prenatal exposure to estrogenic agents. Inclusion in this analysis was based on mechanistic criteria, and the plausibility of an estrogen receptor (ER)-–mediated mode of action was specifically explored.
RESULTS: We included in this meta-analysis eight studies investigating the etiology of hypospadias and/or cryptorchidism that had not been identified in previous systematic reviews. Four additional studies of pharmaceutical estrogens yielded a statistically significant updated summary estimate for testicular cancer.
CONCLUSIONS: The doubling of the risk ratios for all three end points investigated after DES exposure is consistent with a shared etiology and the TDS hypothesis but does not constitute evidence of an estrogenic mode of action. Results of the subset analyses point to the existence of unidentified sources of heterogeneity between studies or within the study population