Transnational education: global location, local innovation: a report produced for UUKi

Transnational education (TNE) is the delivery of an educational award in a country other than that in which the awarding body is based. It can include, but is not limited to, branch campuses, distance learning, joint and dual degree programmes, fly-in faculty, or a mix of these, often referred to as blended learning. The UK’s higher education TNE offer is growing in terms of both scale and strategic importance, and TNE is becoming a core component of many universities’ strategic approach to international growth. The large majority of UK universities (84%) now deliver TNE to over 700,000 students worldwide with this number having increased year on year since 2007/08. This means that the UK higher education sector now provides qualifications to more students overseas than to international students in the UK (approximately 450,000). The increasing scale of activity belies a huge variety in the types of TNE partnerships being developed by UK institutions. Drivers for engagement with international partners are diverse, relating to international strategies, to research priorities and to student and staff mobility. This publication aims to illustrate the breadth of engagement by highlighting 17 examples of TNE partnerships involving UK higher education institutions

Supplementary Report On The Feasibility Study Of Submerged Cylinder Wave Energy Device

This report has been compiled as the result o f a four-month supplementary contract to our first broad look at submerged cylinder wave energy devices. In this further period we have discussed widely within the wave energy community the findings of our main Report dated October 1979. We have also considered topics that were either not within our earlier brief or were only peripheral to its principal purpose of identifying how the device could be engineered using proven technology, and the likely range of unit costs that this could involve. The present Report therefore covers a wide spectrum of topics. These are mostly pitched in the form of 'Appe ndix' notes to subjects studied and presented in our main Report. They serve to clarify points of detail, and have been pursued in sufficient depth to show whether they need be studied further in the next phase of this enquiry. We have also continued our studies of the main subjects underlying the behaviour and performance of the device, especially its dyna mic behaviour in response to wave motion and how energy is best transmitted to and through the seabed power takeoff units. This supplementary period has therefore allowed us to narrow our options, Although we believe it is still premature to expect the preferred system of mooring and power takeoff to be selected with certainty, our earlier recommendations are upheld by the further findings now presented. This system will therefore form the basis for the optimisation study of the device that now logically follows, but we will continue to seek improvements both to the overall arrangement of the device and to its component parts in the light of all further information that becomes available to us. We conclude that the submerged cylinder device is a technically sound and efficient way of capturing wave energy. On the basis of present knowledge we have reason to believe that, from the thorough optimisation study that constitutes the next phase of our work, the device may also turn out to be an economic proposition. In this case it should be advanced through a full engineering design phase to the prototype construction of perhaps five units at full scale in say 1984/5

Procedural control and the proper balance between public and private interests in defamation claims

Claims in defamation involve courts in balancing of a number of interests. The Claimant’s interest in their reputation must be balanced with the Defendant’s interest in free expression. The Court’s interest in fair, efficient and proportionate adjudication must be balanced against the Claimant’s interest in vindicating their reputation. Much of the literature examining this balance has focused on the substantive law. This article seeks to consider how these interests have been balanced through procedural control mechanisms, such as summary judgment and strike out. In particular, the development of the court’s ability to strike out a claim as an abuse of process is been considered. It is argued that the ability to strike out in such cases performs an important role, but should not be used to prevent reputational vindication where this is worthwhile. Further, it is argued that whilst substantive and procedural changes may reduce the need for strike out, the courts should not remove this important tool from their toolbox

Geosynthetic landfill cap stability: comparison of limit equilibrium, computational limit analysis and finite-element analyses

The stability of the veneer cover soil (landfill cap) is an important issue in landfill design. Incorrect design of the landfill cap can lead to failure, which may result in the veneer cover soil sliding on an underlying geosynthetic layer, or in tension failure of the geosynthetic itself. Previous limit equilibrium (LE) analyses of veneer cover layer stability presented in the literature have generally considered whole-slope failure. In this paper, modified LE equations are proposed that (a) encompass more critical cases of localised slope failure for specific cases, and (b) are calibrated against two other methods: 2-D computational limit analysis (CLA) using LimitState:GEO and 2-D elasto-plastic finite-element (FE) analysis using PLAXIS. The scenarios examined encompass a cover of uniform thickness, a buttressed cover, a cover of tapered thickness, the effects of seepage forces, and the effects of construction equipment. It is shown that the LE method provides a reasonable estimate of veneer cover layer stability for most cases examined, although it is in general non-conservative, relative to the CLA and FE analyses. Local failure was found to be critical in the case of the construction equipment, buttress and horizontal seepage scenarios. In the latter case the LE equations previously presented in the literature significantly overestimate stability compared with the LE, CLA and FE analyses considered in this paper

Publication bias in situ

BACKGROUND: Publication bias, as typically defined, refers to the decreased likelihood of studies' results being published when they are near the null, not statistically significant, or otherwise "less interesting." But choices about how to analyze the data and which results to report create a publication bias within the published results, a bias I label "publication bias in situ" (PBIS). DISCUSSION: PBIS may create much greater bias in the literature than traditionally defined publication bias (the failure to publish any result from a study). The causes of PBIS are well known, consisting of various decisions about reporting that are influenced by the data. But its impact is not generally appreciated, and very little attention is devoted to it. What attention there is consists largely of rules for statistical analysis that are impractical and do not actually reduce the bias in reported estimates. PBIS cannot be reduced by statistical tools because it is not fundamentally a problem of statistics, but rather of non-statistical choices and plain language interpretations. PBIS should be recognized as a phenomenon worthy of study – it is extremely common and probably has a huge impact on results reported in the literature – and there should be greater systematic efforts to identify and reduce it. The paper presents examples, including results of a recent HIV vaccine trial, that show how easily PBIS can have a large impact on reported results, as well as how there can be no simple answer to it. SUMMARY: PBIS is a major problem, worthy of substantially more attention than it receives. There are ways to reduce the bias, but they are very seldom employed because they are largely unrecognized

Signal and Noise Analysis in TRION -Time-Resolved Integrative Optical Fast Neutron Detector

TRION is a sub-mm spatial resolution fast neutron imaging detector, which employs an integrative optical time-of-flight technique. The detector was developed for fast neutron resonance radiography, a method capable of detecting a broad range of conventional and improvised explosives. In this study we have analyzed in detail, using Monte-Carlo calculations and experimentally determined parameters, all the processes that influence the signal and noise in the TRION detector. In contrast to event-counting detectors where the signal-to-noise ratio is dependent only on the number of detected events (quantum noise), in an energy-integrating detector additional factors, such as the fluctuations in imparted energy, number of photoelectrons, system gain and other factors will contribute to the noise. The excess noise factor (over the quantum noise) due to these processes was 4.3, 2.7, 2.1, 1.9 and 1.9 for incident neutron energies of 2, 4, 7.5, 10 and 14 MeV, respectively. It is shown that, even under ideal light collection conditions, a fast neutron detection system operating in an integrative mode cannot be quantum-noise-limited due to the relatively large variance in the imparted proton energy and the resulting scintillation light distributions.Comment: 18 page

"Clone Wars": Episode II - The Next Generation: The Copyright Implications relating to 3D Printing and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Files

The future market potential of 3D printing will rest on the dissemination of Computer Aided Design (CAD) files. Without clear instructions from a CAD file, a 3D printer will not function. In fact, “a 3D printer without an attached computer and a good design file is as useless as an iPod without music”. The importance of CAD-based design files, therefore, cannot be underestimated. Drawing on UK and EU copyright laws and their application to 3D printing and CAD files, this paper will, first, question whether CAD files can be protected by copyright law before considering the copyright implications thrown up by the modification of CAD files as a result of scanning and the use of online tools. Highlighting some of the challenges for rights holders and users existent in the present law the paper advocates new business models over a premature call for stringent intellectual property laws before concluding with some recommendations for the future