THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STADIUM ON SATISFACTION LEVELS OF FOOTBALL SPECTATORS' AGE GROUPS

The spectators are one of the most important basic articles of stadiums that are part of the sport industry. When a team of supporters and a winning team are involved, determining the reasons affecting the satisfaction levels of physical characteristics of stadiums according to age groups are important in terms of sports clubs and stadiums managers. This study was carried out in order to determine the physical characteristics of the stadiums and the satisfaction levels of the spectators watching football matches according to age groups. For this purpose, a questionnaire consisting of 17 questions was prepared by taking the opinion of 10 academicians and sector managers who are experts in sport management and sports marketing. Information and data were presented in simple and cross-tabular form, and Chi-square interest analysis was used in the evaluations. The main mass of the study is composed of the population of 15 years old and over who watch the match in four stadiums (Atatürk Olympic Stadium, BJK İnönü Stadium, FB Şükrü Saraçoğlu Stadium and GS Turk Telekom Arena) in Istanbul borders. Our sampling is 1025 people watching the match in these stadiums. Our research hypotheses were accepted at a significance level of 0.05. Accordingly, It was determined that spectators had an interest in their level of satisfaction with their use experience between age groups and the physical characteristics of stadiums. Ergonomic approaches, use comfort, health and safety considerations for people of all ages who will use the stadiums while constructing the physical characteristics of the stadiums are important for the creation of satisfaction levels.  Article visualizations

Researching Of Ranking Handball Referees' Job Satisfaction Levels In Terms Of Some Parameters,

This research has been conducted in order to determine the job satisfaction levels of the ranking referees in terms of some parameters (sex, age, marital status, income states, other profession, and refereeing period). This research is a descriptive study towards the review of job satisfaction levels of Handball ranking referees. Referees take charge in 2010-11 season in Turkish leagues constitute the population of the research. Accordingly 107 Ranking referees under Turkish Handball Federation constitute the sample of the research. SPSS package program was used for the statistical analyses. Measuring tool is constituted of two sections. In first section a test directed towards to determine the demographical features of the referees while in second section “Minnesota job satisfaction scale” was used. Validity and reliability studies were made (cronbach alpha =0.70). It was determined that statistically there is not a significant gap between the job satisfaction levels of the referees according to their sex, marital status, ranking position, refereeing periods and income status; and statistically there is a significant gap between their job satisfaction levels according to their ages. Increase of job satisfaction with the increase of age, increase of the experience, awards, rise of refereeing ranking and coalescence with the job are considered to be the factors for the existence of such difference. Income levels of the majority of the referees are seen to be at intermediate level

The Comparison of Elite Wrestlers’ State of Anxiety Before-after Weighing,

Anxiety is one the significant factor which affects performance of athletes in a negative way. The purpose of this research is to compare elite wrestlers’ state of anxiety before-after weighing. A state of anxiety inventory developed by Spielberg and adapted to Turkishby Ömer and Le Compte has been used in order to detect wrestlers’ state of anxiety before-after weighing. SSPS 20 package software has been used while analyzing the data on this research. After it has been stated that datum has both an homogenous and normal distribution; it has been decided that parametric test method should be used in statistic analysis. In statistic analysis, diagnostic statistic and co-sample t test has been implemented. On the consequence of these analyses, the wrestlers’ state of anxiety before weighing has been higher than the state of anxiety that wrestlers have after weighing

Non-default Component of Sovereign Emerging Market Yield Spreads and its Determinants: Evidence from Credit Default Swap Market

This article shows that a sizable component of emerging market sovereign yield spreads is due to factors other than default risk, such as liquidity. The author estimates the non-default component of the yield spreads as the basis between the actual credit default swap (CDS) premium and the hypothetical CDS premium implied by emerging market bond yields. On average, the basis is large and positive for speculative-grade bonds and slightly negative for investment-grade bonds. The large positive basis for speculative-grade bonds supports the existence of speculation in the CDS market when the underlying's credit quality is bad. The author studies the effects of bond liquidity, liquidity in the CDS market, equity market performance, and macroeconomic variables on the non-default component of the emerging market yield spreads. The results show that bond liquidity has a significant and positive effect on the CDS–bond basis of investment-grade bonds. The results suggest that the liquid bonds of investment-grade bonds are more expensive relative to the prices implied their CDS premiums. However, the results are somewhat mixed and even contrary for the speculative-grade bond sample

Platelet-rich plasma for regeneration of neural feedback pathways around dental implants: a concise review and outlook on future possibilities

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Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning