Association between odour pollution from industrial sources and human health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objetivo: Se realizó una revisión sistemática para sintetizar toda la evidencia disponible, de estudios epidemiológicos, sobre la asociación entre la exposición residencial u ocupacional a corto y largo plazo a la contaminación por mal olor industrial y el estado de salud de la población expuesta. Métodos: Las búsquedas bibliográficas se realizaron en OvidMedline, EMBASE y Scopus en octubre de 2018. Para la exposición, se incluyeron estudios si capturaban la exposición a un olor ambiental de origen industrial en el ámbito residencial u ocupacional. Se consideraron los resultados para los cuales había una plausibilidad biológica, como fueron sibilancias y asma, tos, cefalea, náuseas y vómitos, molestias olfativas (resultados en salud primarios). También se incluyeron síntomas relacionados con el estrés y algunos resultados en salud novedosos (por ejemplo, estados de ánimo). El riesgo de sesgo se evaluó mediante la herramienta OHAT. Para los resultados en salud primarios, cuando al menos 3 estudios proporcionaban estimaciones del efecto al comparar sujetos expuestos con no expuestos, se agruparon las estimaciones específicas del estudio del efecto relacionado con el olor mediante modelos de efectos aleatorios. Se evaluó la heterogeneidad con Higgins I2. Resultados: Veintinueve estudios fueron seleccionados para esta revisión, principalmente transversales (n = 23). Se incluyeron poblaciones mixtas de hombres y mujeres adultos, un estudio con una muestra en edad escolar y dos estudios con trabajadores expuestos como población de interés. Sólo cuatro estudios utilizaron mediciones clínicas y de laboratorio como resultados en salud. La ganadería intensiva, así como la gestión de residuos, fueron las actividades industriales más destacadas por la evidencia como principales fuentes de exposición a olores ambientales. Los odds ratios generales en la población expuesta versus no expuesta fueron 1,15 (IC del 95%: 1,01 a 1,29) para el dolor de cabeza (7 estudios), 1,09 (IC del 95%: 0,88 a 1,30) para las náuseas / vómitos (7 estudios) y 1,27 (95% IC 1,10 a 1,44) para tos / flema (5 estudios). La estimación de I2 sugirió que la heterogeneidad era motivo de gran preocupación. En general, el conjunto de la evidencia se vio afectado por un riesgo de sesgo definitivamente alto en la determinación de la exposición y de los resultados, ya que la mayoría de los estudios utilizaron información auto-reportada. Conclusiones: Los resultados subrayan la importancia para la salud pública de la contaminación por olores para la población que vive cerca de fuentes industriales generadoras de olores. La limitada evidencia para la mayoría de los resultados respalda la necesidad de estudios epidemiológicos de alta calidad sobre la asociación entre la contaminación por olores y sus efectos en la salud humana.Objective: To conduct a systematic review to evaluate the association between residential or occupational short- and long–term exposure to odour pollution from industrial sources and the health status of the exposed population. Methods: The searches were conducted in Medline, EMBASE and Scopus in October 2018. Exposure to an environmental odour from industrial sources in the residential and occupational sector resident population or in workers was considered. Outcomes for which there was a biological plausibility, such as wheezing and asthma, cough, headache, nausea and vomiting, annoyance (primary outcomes), were considered. Stress-related symptoms and novel outcomes (e.g. mood states) were also included. Risk of bias was evaluated using the OHAT tool. For primary outcomes, when at least 3 studies provided effect estimates by comparing exposed subjects versus not exposed, the study-specific estimates of odour-related effect were pooled using random effects models. Heterogeneity was evaluated with Higgins I2. Results: Twenty-nine studies were eligible for this review, mainly cross-sectional(n=23). Only one study involved school-age children and two studies involved workers. Only four studies reported odour effects on objective laboratory or clinical outcomes. Animal Feeding Operations and waste were the most common industrial sources. The overall odds ratios in exposed versus not exposed population were 1.15 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.29) for headache (7 studies), 1.09 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.30) for nausea/vomiting (7 studies), and 1.27 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.44) for cough/phlegm (5 studies). Heterogeneity was a moderate concern. Overall, the body of evidence was affected by a definitely high risk of bias in exposure and outcome assessment since most studies used self-reported information. Conclusions: Findings underline the public health importance of odour pollution for population living nearby industrial odour sources. The limited evidence for most outcomes supports the need for high quality epidemiological studies on the association between odour pollution and its effects on human health

Producción de anticuerpos séricos en respuesta a la vacunación contra los virus de la rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina y la diarrea viral bovina con una vacuna comercial

The objective was to determine the prevalence of serum antibodies (PSA) in response to vaccination against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) viruses in dairy cows under subtropical conditions. A commercial polyvalent vaccine with inactivated BVD virus and modified active viruses of IBR, parainfluenza 3 and bovine respiratory syndrome was used. Two groups were formed: vaccinated (VEG) and unvaccinated (UEG) experimental group, which were homogeneous in PSA against IBR and BVD before vaccination. VEG was immunized on d 0 and d 30 after the first vaccination (booster vaccine). To detect antibodies, serum samples were collected 30 d after the first and second vaccinations. Serum antibodies against IBR and BVD were determined by the ELISA test. The average PSA against IBR and BVD before vaccination was 16 (18 % in VEG vs 14 % in UEG; P>0.05) and 8 % (10 % in VEG vs 6 % in UEG; P>0.05), respectively. The first and second vaccinations against IBR induced the formation of antibodies 30 d after their application; with the first vaccination, PSA in vaccinated cows was 36 percentage units higher (P0.05) y 8 % (10 % en el GEV vs 6 % en el GEN; P>0.05), respectivamente. La primera y segunda vacunación contra RIB indujeron la formación de anticuerpos 30 días después de su aplicación; con la primera vacunación, la PAS en las vacas vacunadas fue 36 unidades porcentuales mayor (P<0.05) que en las no vacunadas (58 vs 22 %) y con la vacuna de refuerzo, la PAS en las vacas vacunadas fue 66 unidades porcentuales mayor (P<0.05) que en las no vacunadas (94 vs 28 %). La vacuna comercial no indujo la producción de anticuerpos contra DVB con ninguna de las dos inmunizaciones

Diagnostic performance of Ag-RDTs and NAAT for SARS-CoV2 identification in symptomatic patients in catalonia

The use of rapid antigenic tests (Ag-RDTs) to diagnose a SARS-CoV-2 infection has become a common practice recently. This study aimed to evaluate performance of Abbott Panbio™ Ag-RDTs with regard to nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) in the early stages of the disease. A cohort of 149, 026 infected symptomatic patients, reported in Catalonia from November 2020 to January 2021, was selected. The positivity rates of the two tests were compared with respect to the dates of symptom onset. Ag-RDTs presented positivity rates of 84% in the transmission phases of the disease and 31% in the pre-symptomatic period, compared to 93% and 91%, respectively, for NAAT. The detection of many false negatives with Ag-RDTs during the pre-symptomatic period demonstrates the risk of virus dissemination with this diagnostic technique if used outside the symptomatic period

Evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis Pathogenicity for a Strain of the Tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, Resistant to Chemical Pesticides

The pathogenicity of four native strains of Bacillus thuringiensis against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrine) (Acari: Ixodidae) was evaluated. A R. microplus strain that is resistant to organophosphates, pyrethroids, and amidines, was used in this study. Adult R. microplus females were bioassayed using the immersion test of Drummond against 60 B. thuringiensis strains. Four strains, GP123, GP138, GP130, and GP140, were found to be toxic. For the immersion test, the total protein concentration for each bacterial strain was 1.25 mg/ml. Mortality, oviposition, and egg hatch were recorded. All of the bacterial strains had significant effects compared to the controls, but no significant differences were seen between the 4 strains. It is evident that these B. thuringiensis strains have a considerable detrimental effect on the R. microplus strain that is resistant to pesticides

Frecuencia de anticuerpos séricos contra los virus de la rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina y diarrea viral bovina en toros, y su relación con la presencia de los virus en semen

The objective was to estimate the frequency of serum antibodies against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBRV) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) viruses in unvaccinated bulls, as well as the relationship between the presence of antibodies in serum and the presence of these viruses in semen. Antibodies were detected by ELISA, while the presence of the viruses in semen by PCR. Logistic regression analyses were performed with the PROC GENMOD of SAS. The factors were: state, herd nested in state, and genotype of the bull (except for the presence of the viruses in semen). The degree of association between the presence of serum antibodies and the presence of the viruses in semen was measured by the phi (r) correlation. None of the three factors were significant (P>0.05). For IBRV, the frequency of serum antibodies by state ranged from 66 to 86 %, while by herd, it ranged from 28 to 90 %. For BVDV, the frequency of serum antibodies by state ranged from 58 to 76 %, while by herd, it ranged from 43 to 86 %. The presence of IBRV in semen, by state, ranged from 50 to 55 %, while by herd, it ranged from 33 to 80 %. No association (P>0.05) was found between the presence of antibodies in serum and the presence of IBRV (r=0.07) and BVDV in semen (r=0.16). The presence of serum antibodies suggests infection of bulls, but the presence of the viruses in semen suggests their transmission by sexual contact.El objetivo fue estimar la frecuencia de anticuerpos séricos contra los virus de la rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina (VRIB) y diarrea viral bovina (VDVB) en toros no vacunados, así como la relación entre la presencia de anticuerpos en suero y la presencia de dichos virus en semen. Los anticuerpos se detectaron mediante ELISA, mientras que la presencia de los virus en semen mediante PCR. Se realizaron análisis de regresión logística con PROC GENMOD de SAS. Los factores fueron: estado, hato anidado en estado, y genotipo del toro (excepto para la presencia de los virus en semen). El grado de asociación entre la presencia de anticuerpos séricos y la presencia de los virus en semen se midió mediante la correlación phi (r). Ninguno de los tres factores fue significativo (P>0.05). Para el VRIB, la frecuencia de anticuerpos séricos por estado varió de 66 a 86 %, mientras que por hato varió de 28 a 90 %. Para el VDVB, la frecuencia de anticuerpos séricos por estado osciló de 58 a 76 %, mientras que por hato osciló de 43 a 86 %. La presencia del VRIB en semen, por estado, varió de 50 a 55 %, mientras que por hato varió de 33 a 80 %. No se encontró asociación (P>0.05) entre la presencia de anticuerpos en suero y la presencia del VRIB (r=0.07) y VDVB en semen (r=0.16). La presencia de anticuerpos séricos sugiere la infección de los toros, pero la presencia de los virus en semen sugiere su transmisión por contacto sexual

Prevalencia de diversos serovares de Leptospira interrogans en vacas no vacunadas en los estados de Puebla, Tabasco y Veracruz, México

The objective was to compare the prevalences of antibodies against different serovars of Leptospira interrogans among the states of Puebla, Tabasco and Veracruz, as well as among some of their municipalities, and to determine if the health status of the cows influences their fertility. Blood samples were taken from 423 cows (Bos taurus x Bos indicus and Bos indicus) from 24 ranches in 11 municipalities in the aforementioned states. The prevalences of the Hardjo and Inifap serovars were higher (P0.05). The number of serovars in the state of Veracruz was higher (P0.05); however, vaccination of cattle against Leptospira interrogans is recommended in order to decrease the risks associated with this bacterium in cattle and humans.El objetivo fue comparar las prevalencias de anticuerpos contra diferentes serovares de Leptospira interrogans entre los estados de Puebla, Tabasco y Veracruz, así como entre algunos de sus municipios, y determinar si el estatus sanitario de las vacas influye en su fertilidad. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de 423 vacas (Bos taurus x Bos indicus y Bos indicus) de 24 ranchos de 11 municipios de los estados mencionados. Las prevalencias de los serovares Hardjo e Inifap fueron mayores (P0.05). El número de serovares en el estado de Veracruz fue mayor (P0.05); sin embargo, se recomienda la vacunación del ganado contra Leptospira interrogans, con el fin de disminuir los riesgos asociados con esta bacteria en bovinos y humanos

Flourensia cernua: Hexane Extracts a Very Active Mycobactericidal Fraction from an Inactive Leaf Decoction against Pansensitive and Panresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The efficacy of decoction in extracting mycobactericidal compounds from Flourensia cernua (Hojasé) leaves and fractionation with solvents having ascending polarity was compared with that of (i) ethanol extraction by still maceration, extraction with a Soxhlet device, shake-assisted maceration, or ultrasound-assisted maceration, followed by fractionation with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol; (ii) sequential extraction with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, by still maceration, using a Soxhlet device, shake-assisted maceration, or ultrasound-assisted maceration. The in vitro mycobactericidal activity of each preparation was measured against drug-sensitive (SMtb) and drug-resistant (RMtb) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. The results of which were expressed as absolute mycobactericidal activity (AMA). These data were normalized to the ΣAMA of the decoction fraction set. Although decoction was inactive, the anti-RMtb normalized ΣAMA (NAMA) of its fractions was comparable with the anti-RMtb NAMA of the still maceration extracts and significantly higher than the anti-SMtb and anti-RMtb NAMAs of every other ethanol extract and serial extract and fraction. Hexane extracted, from decoction, material having 55.17% and 92.62% of antituberculosis activity against SMtb and RMtb, respectively. Although the mycobactericidal activity of decoction is undetectable; its efficacy in extracting F. cernua active metabolites against M. tuberculosis is substantially greater than almost all pharmacognostic methods

Structural connectivity and subcellular changes after antidepressant doses of ketamine and Ro 25-6981 in the rat: an MRI and immuno-labeling study

Ketamine has rapid and robust antidepressant effects. However, unwanted psychotomimetic effects limit its widespread use. Hence, several studies examined whether GluN2B-subunit selective NMDA antagonists would exhibit a better therapeutic profile. Although preclinical work has revealed some of the mechanisms of action of ketamine at cellular and molecular levels, the impact on brain circuitry is poorly understood. Several neuroimaging studies have examined the functional changes in the brain induced by acute administration of ketamine and Ro 25-6981 (a GluN2B-subunit selective antagonist), but the changes in the microstructure of gray and white matter have received less attention. Here, the effects of ketamine and Ro 25-6981 on gray and white matter integrity in male Sprague-Dawley rats were determined using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). In addition, DWI-based structural brain networks were estimated and connectivity metrics were computed at the regional level. Immunohistochemical analyses were also performed to determine whether changes in myelin basic protein (MBP) and neurofilament heavy-chain protein (NF200) may underlie connectivity changes. In general, ketamine and Ro 25-6981 showed some opposite structural alterations, but both compounds coincided only in increasing the fractional anisotropy in infralimbic prefrontal cortex and dorsal raphe nucleus. These changes were associated with increments of NF200 in deep layers of the infralimbic cortex (together with increased MBP) and the dorsal raphe nucleus. Our results suggest that the synthesis of NF200 and MBP may contribute to the formation of new dendritic spines and myelination, respectively. We also suggest that the increase of fractional anisotropy of the infralimbic and dorsal raphe nucleus areas could represent a biomarker of a rapid antidepressant response.Funding: Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación (PI13/00038, PI16/00217 and PI19/00170 to A.A.) that were co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (‘A way to build Europe’); Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria d’ Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport (GV/2018/049 to A.B-S.); Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (RTI2018-097534-B-I00 to F.P.-C.). Funding from the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III is also acknowledged

Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra diarrea viral bovina en vacas no vacunadas en los estados de Puebla, Tabasco y Veracruz, México

The prevalence (PRE) of antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) was determined in 421 cows from 24 herds located in 11 Municipalities of the States of Puebla, Tabasco and Veracruz, Mexico. In addition, the influence of the presence of antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea on pregnancy rate (PR) was evaluated. Before the study, the herds were never vaccinated against BVD. Blood samples were taken from each cow twice, with an interval of 3.5 to 4.0 mo. The presence of antibodies was determined with the ELISA test. At the first sampling, Puebla (51.4 %) and Tabasco (49.7 %) showed lower PRE (P0.05) to that of cows with antibodies (57.3 vs 53.5 %). In conclusion, 1) Veracruz showed higher PRE than Puebla and Tabasco; 2) All the herds had antibodies against BVD, suggesting that the BVD virus is amply distributed in the three States; 3) A great variation existed between herds and between municipalities, with PRE being close to 100 % in several cases; 4) The presence of antibodies against BVD did not influence pregnancy rate.La prevalencia (PRE) de anticuerpos contra diarrea viral bovina (DVB) se determinó en 421 vacas de 24 ranchos ubicados en 11 municipios de los estados de Puebla, Veracruz y Tabasco, México. Adicionalmente, se evaluó la influencia de anticuerpos contra DVB sobre la tasa de gestación (TG). Antes del estudio, los hatos nunca fueron vacunados contra DVB. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre de cada vaca dos veces, con un intervalo de 3.5 a 4.0 meses. La presencia de anticuerpos se determinó mediante la técnica de ELISA. Al primer muestreo, Puebla (51.4 %) y Tabasco (49.7 %) presentaron menor PRE (P0.05) a la de las vacas con anticuerpos (57.3 vs 53.5 %). En conclusión, 1) Veracruz presentó mayor PRE que Puebla y Tabasco; 2) el 100 % de los hatos presentaron anticuerpos contra DVB, lo que sugiere que el virus de la DVB está ampliamente distribuido en los tres estados; 3) existió una gran variación en la PRE entre ranchos y entre municipios, siendo ésta cercana a 100 % en varios casos; y 4) la presencia de anticuerpos contra DVB no influyó la tasa de gestación