Aproximación al derecho islámico y su regulación del velo

El Derecho islámico o 'Sharia' es el sistema jurídico por el que se rige la comunidad de fieles musulmanes. Sus orígenes se sitúan en el siglo VI, fecha en que nace el Islam. Sus fuentes son el Corán (libro sagrado que contiene el mensaje divino), la Sunna (conjunto de relatos acerca de comentarios y comportamientos del Profeta Mahoma) y el fik (jurisprudencia generada a partir de las otras dos fuentes). Resulta erróneo identificar este Derecho religioso con los sistemas jurídicos de los países musulmanes. Uno de los objetivos de los movimientos islamistas es la vuelta a la 'Sharia' pero adaptada al momento histórico actual. Debido a su naturaleza personals, los preceptos de la 'Sharia' pueden entrar en conflicto con los de los ordenamientos territoriales, tal como ha sucedido en relación al uso del velo islámico. A éste se refiere el Derecho islámico en diversos apartados pero lo hace de modo ambiguo, sin afirmar con claridad su carácter obligatorio. ------ Islamic Law os 'Sharia' is the legal system by which the community of Muslim faithful is ruled. Its origins date back to the 6th century, when Islam is born. Its sources are the Coran (sacred book that contains the divine message), the Sunna (reports on the sayings and conduct of Muhammad) and the fik (group of laws created by the interpretation of the aforementioned ones). It is erroneous to identify this religious Law and the legal systems of the Muslim countries. One of the objectives of the Islamist movements is to return to the 'Sharia', but adapted to the present historical moment. Because of its personal nature, the 'Sharia' precepts might come into conflict with the ones on the territorial legal systems, just as it has happened in relation to Muslim veil. To this one refers the 'Sharia' in different sections, but it does it ambiguously, without affirm clearly its obligatory character

Entropy Rate of Diffusion Processes on Complex Networks

The concept of entropy rate for a dynamical process on a graph is introduced. We study diffusion processes where the node degrees are used as a local information by the random walkers. We describe analitically and numerically how the degree heterogeneity and correlations affect the diffusion entropy rate. In addition, the entropy rate is used to characterize complex networks from the real world. Our results point out how to design optimal diffusion processes that maximize the entropy for a given network structure, providing a new theoretical tool with applications to social, technological and communication networks.Comment: 4 pages (APS format), 3 figures, 1 tabl

Influence of lanthanum doping on the structure and transport properties of CeO2

LaxCe1-xO2-x/2 materials are oxide and/or proton conductors depending on the La-content and they are of interest for numerous electrochemical applications at high temperatures, including membranes for hydrogen separation and fuel cell electrolytes. Samples with low La-content exhibit (x0.4) crystallize with cubic fluorite type structure; while for x>0.4 the structure is still unclear. The crystal structure of these materials is still unknown, some authors reported that the materials exhibit fluorite type structure in the whole compositional range. However, another authors reported a pyrochlore type structure for x0.5. The stabilization of the fluorite or pyrochlore type structure depends mainly on the oxygen sublattice and the vacancy ordering1. In this contribution, LaxCe1-xO2-δ (0<x0.7) materials are prepared by the freeze-drying precursor method and the sintering conditions have been optimized to obtain dense ceramic samples. A complete structural characterization has been carried out by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The average structure determined by conventional XRD indicates that the materials are single fluorite compounds for x0.6. However, the local structure determined by combined electron diffraction and HRTEM is more complex. The SAED patterns reveal diffuse scatterings for x0.5 that have been associated with O-vacancy ordering, leading to a superstructure relative to a single fluorite . This finding is further confirmed by the HRTEM images in the same zone axis. Thermogravimetric and Raman analysis confirmed an increase of oxygen vacancy concentration with La-doping. The overall conductivity was determined by complex impedance spectroscopy in different atmospheres. The samples with high La-content exhibit an important proton contribution at low temperature. In addition, all samples are mixed ion-electronic conductors in hydrogen containing atmosphereUniversidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Transesterificación de ésteres grasos con arilaminoalcoholes. Síntesis de mono- y diacilderivados del 3-fenilamino-1,2-propanodiol

In this paper the synthesis of acylderivatives of 3-phenylamino- 1,2 propanediol has been studied. These compounds are prepared by transesterification of fatty acids methyl esters with the amino-alcohol and sodium methoxide as catalyst. The reaction was carried out with mechanical stirring under vacuum. The effect of temperature, molar relation of reactives, time and concentration of catalyst on the reaction yield has been investigated. Yield increases with temperature and ester concentration until the optimun reaction temperature is reached. This temperature depend on molar relation ester/aminoalcohol (140 °C for 1/1 and 2/1 values and 120 °C for 4/1 value). The composition of reaction mixture was evaluated from the mono/di relation. This relation decrease when temperature and molar relation increase.En el presente trabajo se ha abordado la síntesis de los acilderivados del 3-fenilamino-1,2-propanodiol por transesterificación de ésteres metílicos de ácidos grasos con 3-fenilamino- 1,2-propanodiol utilizando metóxido sódico como catalizador. La reacción se lleva a cabo bajo presión reducida y agitación mecánica. Se ha estudiado la influencia de la temperatura, relación molar de los reactivos, tiempo y concentración de catalizador sobre el rendimiento de la reacción. El rendimiento aumenta con la temperatura y la concentración de éster hasta alcanzar la temperatura óptima de reacción. Esta temperatura depende de la relación molar y es de 140 °C para las relaciones molares éster: 3-fenilamino-1,2-propanodiol (1:1) y (2:1) y de 120 °C para (4:1). La composición de la mezcla de reacción se evalúa mediante la relación mono-/di-. Esta relación disminuye conforme aumenta la temperatura y la relación molar

Epidemic Incidence in Correlated Complex Networks

We introduce a numerical method to solve epidemic models on the underlying topology of complex networks. The approach exploits the mean-field like rate equations describing the system and allows to work with very large system sizes, where Monte Carlo simulations are useless due to memory needs. We then study the SIR epidemiological model on assortative networks, providing numerical evidence of the absence of epidemic thresholds. Besides, the time profiles of the populations are analyzed. Finally, we stress that the present method would allow to solve arbitrary epidemic-like models provided that they can be described by mean-field rate equations.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. Final version published in PR

Clump morphology and evolution in MHD simulations of molecular cloud formation

Abridged: We study the properties of clumps formed in three-dimensional weakly magnetized magneto-hydrodynamic simulations of converging flows in the thermally bistable, warm neutral medium (WNM). We find that: (1) Similarly to the situation in the classical two-phase medium, cold, dense clumps form through dynamically-triggered thermal instability in the compressed layer between the convergent flows, and are often characterised by a sharp density jump at their boundaries though not always. (2) However, the clumps are bounded by phase-transition fronts rather than by contact discontinuities, and thus they grow in size and mass mainly by accretion of WNM material through their boundaries. (3) The clump boundaries generally consist of thin layers of thermally unstable gas, but these layers are often widened by the turbulence, and penetrate deep into the clumps. (4) The clumps are approximately in both ram and thermal pressure balance with their surroundings, a condition which causes their internal Mach numbers to be comparable to the bulk Mach number of the colliding WNM flows. (5) The clumps typically have mean temperatures 20 < T < 50 K, corresponding to the wide range of densities they contain (20 < n < 5000 pcc) under a nearly-isothermal equation of state. (6) The turbulent ram pressure fluctuations of the WNM induce density fluctuations that then serve as seeds for local gravitational collapse within the clumps. (7) The velocity and magnetic fields tend to be aligned with each other within the clumps, although both are significantly fluctuating, suggesting that the velocity tends to stretch and align the magnetic field with it. (8) The typical mean field strength in the clumps is a few times larger than that in the WNM. (9) The magnetic field strength has a mean value of B ~ 6 mu G ...Comment: substantially revised version, accepted by MNRAS, 13 pages, 14 figures, high resolution version: http://www.ita.uni-heidelberg.de/~banerjee/publications/MC_Formation_Paper2.pd

PRIMER REGISTRO DE CANTHON ANGUSTATUS HAROLD 1867 EN MÉXICO (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEOIDEA)

The scarab beetle Canthon angustatus Harold, 1867 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) is recorded for the first time in Mexico, based upon several specimens collected in Chiapas