Antimicrobial activity of photo-activated cow urine against certain pathogenic bacterial strains

In the present investigation binary combination of photo activated and it binary combinations was determined against seven bacterial strains. Photoactivated cow urine has shown MIC value 0.25 ml/ml MIC value against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Lactobacillus acidophilus (ATCC 53103 and Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341), while it was found 0.125 ml/ml against E. coli (ATCC 25922). Binnary combinations of cow urine with Neem and Bavchi oil has shown synergistic effect as the MIC value obtained was 0.125-0.25 ml/ml. Similarly photoactivated cow urine has shown least MBC value that is, 0.25-1.0 ml/ml. Further, growth inhibition zone diameters obtained in presence of photoactivated cow urine and its binary combinations were found much larger than antibiotic drugs. Neem oil has shown highest inhibition zone diameter that is, 45 mm against S. pneumoniae. Neem oiland cow urine have shown 33 to 35 mm inhibition zone diameter against B. cereus, L. acidophilus, Micrococcus. Luteus, K. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae, while Bawchi oil and cow urine combination has shown high diameter inhibition zone diameter that is 41 mm against K. pnumoniae. Photoactivated cow urine has shown 32 to 36 mm inhibition zone diameter homogeneously against all bacterial strains. It proves very high antimicrobial susceptibility of cow urine and essential oils

Evaluation of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of Huperzine-A; in silico and in vitro studies

The present study is focused on exploring the Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of Huperzine-A in silico and in vitro. In this study, Huperzine-A-A was docked with Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Docking studies revealed the excellent interaction of Huperzine-A-A with these targets. The result of present study provides insight for the in vitro studies. The in vitro studies the enzyme kinetics of Huperzine-A-A via Lineweaver brooks plot revealed the kinetics and non-competitive inhibitory nature of the later. Further studies on Huperzine-A-A are necessary to develop and establish its role on brain cholinergic system and cognitive deficits which may serve a stepping stone in CNS medication

Evaluation of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of Huperzine-A; in silico and in vitro studies

224-229The present study is focused on exploring the Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of Huperzine-A in silico and in vitro. In this study, Huperzine-A-A was docked with Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Docking studies revealed the excellent interaction of Huperzine-A-A with these targets. The result of present study provides insight for the in vitro studies. The in vitro studies the enzyme kinetics of Huperzine-A-A via Lineweaver brooks plot revealed the kinetics and non-competitive inhibitory nature of the later. Further studies on Huperzine-A-A are necessary to develop and establish its role on brain cholinergic system and cognitive deficits which may serve a stepping stone in CNS medication

Synergistic effect of folic acid and galantamine against experimentally induced oxidative stress in IMR 32 cells

286-292Galantamine is an active constituent obtained from Galanthus nivalis L., a traditional herb known for its pharmacological properties, particularly nootropic effect. Folic acid is a dietary supplement that enhances neuronal activity. Effect of galantamine and folic acid on human neuronal cells is well known. In the present study, we explored the protective effect of galantamine and folic acid, both independently as well as in combination, over antioxidant defence system and nootropic effects on human neuroblastoma cells IMR-32. The treatment galantamine, folic acid and their combination was given for 24 h and cytotoxicity study was carried out by trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Apoptosis and necrosis were observed using Propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst double staining method. Biochemical assays viz. total protein, protein carbonyl, lipid peroxidation and glutathione were analyzed along with super oxide dismutase and catalase. Result of cytotoxicity showed dose dependent increase in percent viability and significant decrease was observed in apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, exposure to Galantamine, Folic acid and their combination significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl formation along with the enhancement in antioxidant defence mechanism. Findings of these dose reliant toxicity study of Galantamine , Folic acid and their combination suggest that these has higher potency when given together and shows synergistic effect. They also causes repair of human neuronal cells IMR-32 cells enhancing the cell viability and consumption of Galantamine and Folic acid together will help in prevention of CNS disorders and neurodegeneration

Genetic Variation in the EGFR Gene and the Risk of Glioma in a Chinese Han Population

Previous studies have shown that regulation of the epidermal growth factor gene (EGFR) pathway plays a role in glioma progression. Certain genotypes of the EGFR gene may be related to increased glioblastoma risk, indicating that germ line EGFR polymorphisms may have implications in carcinogenesis. To examine whether and how variants in the EGFR gene contribute to glioma susceptibility, we evaluated nine tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) of the EGFR gene in a case–control study from Xi'an city of China (301 cases, 302 controls). EGFR SNP associations analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 statistical packages, PLINK software, Haploview software package (version 4.2) and SHEsis software platform. We identified two susceptibility tSNPs in the EGFR gene that were potentially associated with an increased risk of glioma (rs730437, p = 0.016; OR: 1.32; 95%CI: 1.05–1.66 and rs1468727, p = 0.008; OR: 1.31; 95%CI: 1.04–1.65). However, after a strict Bonferroni correction analysis was applied, the significance level of the association between EGFR tSNPs and risk of glioma was attenuated. We observed a protective effect of haplotype “AATT” of the EGFR gene, which was associated with a 29% reduction in the risk of developing glioma, while haplotype “CGTC” increased the risk of developing glioma by 36%. Our results, combined with previous studies, suggested an association between the EGFR gene and glioma development

Placental transfusion: a review

Recently there have been a number of studies and presentations on the importance of providing a placental transfusion to the newborn. Early cord clamping is an avoidable, unphysiologic intervention that prevents the natural process of placental transfusion. However, placental transfusion, although simple in concept, is affected by multiple factors, is not always straightforward to implement, and can be performed using different methods, making this basic procedure important to discuss. Here, we review three placental transfusion techniques: delayed cord clamping, intact umbilical cord milking and cut-umbilical cord milking, and the evidence in term and preterm newborns supporting this practice. We will also review several factors that influence placental transfusion, and discuss perceived risks versus benefits of this procedure. Finally, we will provide key straightforward concepts and implementation strategies to ensure that placental-to-newborn transfusion can become routine practice at any institution

Early chronic kidney disease: diagnosis, management and models of care

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent in many countries, and the costs associated with the care of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are estimated to exceed US$1 trillion globally. The clinical and economic rationale for the design of timely and appropriate health system responses to limit the progression of CKD to ESRD is clear. Clinical care might improve if early-stage CKD with risk of progression to ESRD is differentiated from early-stage CKD that is unlikely to advance. The diagnostic tests that are currently used for CKD exhibit key limitations; therefore, additional research is required to increase awareness of the risk factors for CKD progression. Systems modelling can be used to evaluate the impact of different care models on CKD outcomes and costs. The US Indian Health Service has demonstrated that an integrated, system-wide approach can produce notable benefits on cardiovascular and renal health outcomes. Economic and clinical improvements might, therefore, be possible if CKD is reconceptualized as a part of primary care. This Review discusses which early CKD interventions are appropriate, the optimum time to provide clinical care, and the most suitable model of care to adopt