Potential strategies for managing Utah\u27s wolf-livestock conflicts

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) classifies gray wolf populations as either endangered, threatened, or nonessential / experimental. Therefore, if wolves enter Utah under their current legal classification, the USFWS will be the primary agency responsible for wolf management (see Section 2). For the last 30 years, this agency has been responsible for managing recovering wolf populations in other parts of the United States, both in the Great Lakes and the Rockies. Unfortunately, wolves have come into conflict with livestock in all of their recovery areas. As a result, the USFWS has taken various measures to minimize these conflicts, while maintaining their objectives to continue to recover wolf populations

Monitoring and Evaluation of United States Fish and Wildlife Service Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program Stream Restorations in Illinois (Progress Report for 7/1/2015 – 12/31/2015)

This report serves to document results from water quality, physical and biological characterizations (i.e., monitoring) of United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program (Partners Program) stream restorations in Illinois. More broadly, it provides a method for evaluating ecological impacts of restorations, a tool for documenting progress toward USFWS goals and a vessel through which to convey outcomes of USFWS activities to the public. Measures and evaluations within provide numerical values that can be used quantify progress towards national and regional performance measures developed by the USFWS. Contained within these pages is a discussion of the need for monitoring (Section 1), the conceptual framework behind the monitoring design (Section 1) and evaluations of each restoration (Sections 2-7). A summary of ecological patterns observed across monitoring locations and the degree to which restorations support USFWS objectives are also discussed (Section 8).U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Award F15AP00785unpublishednot peer reviewedOpe

Markle Interest, L.L.C. v. U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service

This action is an appeal of a grant of summary judgment to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service on the designation of critical-habitat for the dusky gopher frog under the ESA. Landowner appellants originally sought declaratory and injunctive relief against the Service, the Department of Interior, and agency officials challenging the designation of their private property as critical-habitat for the dusky gopher frog. The court’s holdings recognize loss of property value as a “particularized injury” for standing under the ESA in addition to addressing the landowners’ three principal arguments: 1) the critical habitat designation violated the ESA and the APA; 2) USFWS lacked constitutional authority under the Commerce Clause to make the critical-habitat designation; and 3) the designation violated the NEPA. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari, and the case will be heard as Weyerhaeuser Co. v. United States Fish & Wildlife Service

SALMON LESSONS FOR THE DELTA SMELT: UNJUSTIFIED RELIANCE ON HATCHERIES IN THE USFWS OCTOBER 2019 BIOLOGICAL OPINION

Pursuant to the Endangered Species Act, in October 2019 the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) of the Trump Administration issued a new Biological Opinion (BiOp) for coordinated operations of the Central Valley Project and the State Water Project (2019 USFWS BiOp). The Central Valley Project is operated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), and the State Water Project is operated by the California Department of Water Resources. The Central Valley Project and the State Water Project both divert freshwater from the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River watersheds, and the reduced freshwater flow resulting from these diversions allows in additional ocean water, raising salinity levels. The 2019 USFWS BiOp issued by the Trump Administration found that anticipated water project operations would not jeopardize the survival of the endangered delta smelt, a fish species dependent on low-salinity conditions and found only in the brackish estuary where the freshwater of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers mix with the seawater of the San Francisco Bay. The “no jeopardy” determination in the 2019 USFWS BiOp contrasted with the previous 2008 USFWS BiOp, which found that anticipated water project operations would likely push the endangered delta smelt into extinction due to elevated salinity levels

Implications of Spatially Variable Costs and Habitat Conversion Risk in Landscape-Scale Conservation Planning

‘‘Strategic habitat conservation’’ refers to a process used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to develop cost-efficient strategies for conserving wildlife populations and their habitats. Strategic habitat conservation focuses on resolving uncertainties surrounding habitat conservation to meet specific wildlife population objectives (i.e., targets) and developing tools to guide where conservation actions should be focused on the landscape. Although there are examples of using optimization models to highlight where conservation should be delivered, such methods often do not explicitly account for spatial variation in the costs of conservation actions. Furthermore, many planning approaches assume that habitat protection is a preferred option, but they do not assess its value relative to other actions, such as restoration. We developed a case study to assess the implications of accounting for and ignoring spatial variation in conservation costs in optimizing conservation targets. We included assumptions about habitat loss to determine the extent to which protection or restoration would be necessary to meet an established population target. Our case study focused on optimal placement of grassland protection or restoration actions to influence bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus populations in the tallgrass prairie ecoregion of the north central United States. Our results show that not accounting for spatially variable costs doubled or tripled the cost of meeting the population target. Furthermore, our results suggest that one should not assume that protecting existing habitat is always a preferred option. Rather, our results show that the balance between protection and restoration can be influenced by a combination of desired targets, assumptions about habitat loss, and the relative cost of the two actions. Our analysis also points out how difficult it may be to reach targets, given the expense to meet them. We suggest that a full accounting of expected costs and benefits will help to guide development of viable management actions and meaningful conservation plans

Between Scylla and Charybdis: Environmental governance and illegibility in the American West

In The Odyssey, Odysseus and his crew must navigate the Strait of Messina between two great hazards: the six-headed monster Scylla on one side, and the whirlpool Charybdis on the other. This conceit here guides a critical engagement with scientific knowledge and state power, grounded in the positionality and practices of government agents charged with the management of controversial species and processes in the American West. Based in ethnographic and archival research on wolf-livestock conflict and public lands grazing in Central Idaho, I relate how agents with the U.S. Forest Service and Idaho Department of Fish and Game navigate conditions not of their own choosing. Sailing the “choppy seas” of complex systems and multiple-use mandates, with the “whirlpool” of cuts to capacity on one side and the “monster” of political controversy and litigation on the other, agents appear to collect less or more ambiguous information on their charges, resulting in a partial “blindness” or illegibility. Although a rational adaptation to unrealistic expectations, this ignorance is not bliss but rather symptom and source of dysfunction, limiting agents’ ability to carry out monitoring, collaboration, and effectively conduct on-the-ground management. Understanding patterns of illegibility requires that we attend both to broader contextual pressures and situated motivations. In so doing, we might account for the seeming disconnect between agencies’ stated aims and practices, complicate traditional assumptions of evidence-based scientific management and analyses of bureaucratic rationality and state power, and make sense of the apparent dysfunction around environmental governance in the American West today

Seasonal Survival of Adult Female Mottled Ducks

The mottled duck (Anas fulgivula) is a non‐migratory duck dependent on coastal habitats to meet all of its life cycle requirements in the Western Gulf Coast (WGC) of Texas and Louisiana, USA. This population of mottled ducks has experienced a moderate decline during the past 2 decades. Adult survival has been identified as an important factor influencing population demography. Previous work based on band‐recovery data has provided only annual estimates of survival. We assessed seasonal patterns of female mottled duck survival from 2009 to 2012 using individuals marked with satellite platform transmitter terminals (PTTs). We used temperature and movement sensors within each PTT to indicate potential mortality events. We estimated cumulative weekly survival and ranked factors influential in patterns of mortality using known‐fate modeling in Program MARK. Models included 4 predictors: week; hunting and non‐hunting periods; biological periods defined as breeding, brooding, molt, and pairing; and mass at time of capture. Models containing hunt periods, during and outside the mottled duck season, comprised essentially 100% of model weights where both legal and illegal harvest had a negative influence on mottled duck survival. Survival rates were low during 2009–2011 (12–38% annual rate of survival), when compared with the long‐term banding average of 53% annual survival. During 2011, survival of female mottled ducks was the lowest annual rate (12%) ever documented and coincided with extreme drought. Management actions maximizing the availability of wetlands and associated upland habitats during hunting seasons and drought conditions may increase adult female mottled duck survival. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Wildlife Management Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society

Allowable Take of Black Vultures in the Eastern United States

Black vultures (Coragyps atratus) have been increasing in density and expanding their range in the eastern United States since at least the 1960s. In many areas, their densities have increased to the level where they are causing damage to property and livestock and the number of requests for allowable take permits has increased throughout these areas. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) requires updated information to help inform the number of take permits that could reduce conflicts while meeting obligations under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.We expanded analyses used to estimate allowable take in Virginia to cover the range of black vultures in the eastern United States. We used the prescribed take level approach, which integrates demographic rates, population size estimates, and management objectives into an estimate of allowable take. We provide estimates of allowable take at 4 different scales: individual states, Bird Conservation Regions, USFWS administrative regions, and flyways. Our updated population time series provides evidence of rapidly increasing black vulture populations in many regions of the eastern United States, with an overall population estimate of approximately 4.26 million in 2015 in the Atlantic and Mississippi Flyways. Estimated allowable take ranged from a few hundred individuals per year in states at the northern end of the species range to approximately 287,000/year over the entire eastern United States. The USFWS has no legal mandate regarding the spatial scale at which take should be managed and we found little biological evidence of subpopulation structure for black vultures in the eastern United States.We suggest that allowable take for the species be implemented at a scale that meets stakeholder objectives (e.g., reducing conflict, and ensuring that black vultures are not extirpated from local areas) and is efficient for administrative and monitoring purposes. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA

State of Florida Conservation Plan for Gulf Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)

Gulf sturgeon are anadromous. They spend the cooler months (October or November through March or April) in estuarine or marine habitats, where they feed on benthic organisms such as isopods, amphipods, lancets, molluscs, crabs, grass shrimp, and marine worms (Mason and Clugston, 1993). In the spring, gulf sturgeon return to their natal river, where the sexually mature sturgeon spawn, and the population spends the next 6–8 months there (Odenkirk, 1989; Foster, 1993; Clugston et al., 1995; Fox et al., 2000). The conservation plan detailed in this document will be used to aid recovery of gulf sturgeon populations throughout the state of Florida and could be a model for other gulf states to use. (106pp.