Caffeine as an indicator of estrogenic activity in source water

Caffeine has already been used as an indicator of anthropogenic impacts, especially the ones related to the disposal of sewage in water bodies. In this work, the presence of caffeine has been correlated with the estrogenic activity of water samples measured using the BLYES assay. After testing 96 surface water samples, it was concluded that caffeine can be used to prioritize samples to be tested for estrogenic activity in water quality programs evaluating emerging contaminants with endocrine disruptor activity.Caffeine has already been used as an indicator of anthropogenic impacts, especially the ones related to the disposal of sewage in water bodies. In this work, the presence of caffeine has been correlated with the estrogenic activity of water samples measur16818661869FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO2008/57808-1 ; 2012/00303-0573894/2008-6This is a contribution of the INCTAA (FAPESP, proc. 2008/57808-1 and CNPq proc. 573894/2008-6). C.C.M. is grateful to FAPESP for the PhD fellowship (proc. 2012/00303-0)

Caminhos percorridos no mapa da portuguesificação: A Linguateca em perspectiva

This study evaluated the ecotoxicity of five dyes to freshwater organisms before and during their photo-Fenton degradation. EC50 (48 h) of the five tested dyes ranged from of 6.9 to >1000 mg L-1 for Daphnia similis. In the chronic tests IC50 (72 h) varied from 65 to >100 mg L-1 for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and IC50 (8 days) from 0.5 to 410 mg L-1 for Ceriodaphnia dubia. Toxicity tests revealed that although the applied treatment was effective for decolorization of the dye, the partial mineralization may be responsible for the presence of degradation products which can be either more toxic than the original dye, as is the case of Vat Green 3 and Reactive Black 5, lead to initially toxic products which may be further degraded to non toxic products (acid Orange 7 and Food Red 17), or generate non toxic products as in the case of Food Yellow 3. The results highlighted the importance of assessing both acute and chronic toxicity tests of treated sample before effluent discharge. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Isolation And Genetic Analysis Of Aspergillus Niger Mutants With Reduced Extracellular Glucoamylase

[No abstract available]151193

Ecotoxicity Of Tio 2 To Daphnia Similis Under Irradiation

Currently, there are a large number of products (sunscreen, pigments, cosmetics, plastics, toothpastes and photocatalysts) that use TiO 2 nanoparticles. Due to this large production, these nanoparticles can be released into the aquatic, terrestrial and aerial environments at relative high concentration. TiO 2 in natural water has the capacity to harm aquatic organisms such as the Daphnia (Cladocera) species, mainly because the photocatalytic properties of this semiconductor. However, very few toxicity tests of TiO 2 nanoparticles have been conducted under irradiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate anatase and rutile TiO 2 toxicity to Daphnia similis exploring their photocatalytic properties by incorporating UV A and visible radiation as a parameter in the assays. Anatase and rutile TiO 2 samples at the highest concentration tested (100mgL -1) were not toxic to D. similis, neither in the dark nor under visible light conditions. The anatase form and a mixture of anatase and rutile, when illuminated by a UV A black light with a peak emission wavelength of 360nm, presented photo-dependent EC50 values of 56.9-7.8mgL -1, which indicates a toxicity mechanism caused by ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.211-212436442Farré, M., Gajda-Schrantz, K., Kantiani, L., Barceló, D., Ecotoxicity and analysis of nanomaterials in the aquatic environment (2009) Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 393, pp. 81-95Nowack, B., Bucheli, T.D., Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment (2007) Environ. Pollut., 150, pp. 5-22(2011), http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/analysis_draft/, The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies PEN, The first publicly available on-line inventory of nanotechnology-based consumer products. (accessed 29.05.11)Aitken, R.J., Chaudhry, M.Q., Boxall, A.B.A., Hull, M., Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends (2006) Occup. Med., 56, pp. 300-306Jardim, W.F., Moraes, S.G., Takiyama, M.M.K., Photocatalytic degradation of aromatic chlorinated compounds using TiO 2: toxicity of intermediates (1997) Water Res., 31, pp. 1728-1732Gálvez, J.B., Rodríguez, S.M., Gasca, C.A.E., Bandala, E.R., Gelover, S., Leal, T., Purificación de aguas por fotocatálisis heterogénea: Estado del arte (2001) Eliminación de Contaminantes por Fotocatálisis Heterogénea, pp. 51-76. , La Plata, M.A. Blesa (Ed.)Gaya, U.I., Abdullah, A.H., Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over titanium dioxide: a review of fundamentals, progress and problems (2008) J. Photochem. Photobiol. C, 9, pp. 1-12Rizzo, L., Meric, S., Kassinos, D., Guida, M., Russo, F., Belgiorno, V., Degradation of diclofenac by TiO 2 photocatalysis: UV absorbance kinetics and process evaluation through a set of toxicity bioassays (2009) Water Res., 43, pp. 979-988Li, Q., Mahendra, S., Lyon, D.Y., Brunet, L., Liga, M.V., Li, D., Alvarez, P.J.J., Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: potential applications and implications (2008) Water Res., 42, pp. 4591-4602Nemmar, A., Melghit, K., Ali, B.H., The acute proinflammatory and prothrombotic effects of pulmonary exposure to rutile TiO 2 nanorods in rats (2008) Exp. Biol. Med., 233, pp. 610-619Kang, J.L., Moon, C., Lee, H.S., Lee, W.H., Park, E.M., Kim, H.S., Castranova, V., Comparison of the biological activity between ultrafine and fine titanium dioxide particles in RAW 264.7 cells associated with oxidative stress (2008) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 71, pp. 478-485Grassian, V.H., Adamcakova-Dodd, A., Pettibone, J.M., O'shaughnessy, P.T., Thorne, P.S., Inflammatory response of mice to manufactured titanium dioxide nanoparticles: comparison of size effects through different exposure routes (2007) Nanotoxicology, 1, pp. 211-226Warheit, D.B., Webb, T.R., Reed, K.L., Pulmonary toxicity screening studies in male rats with TiO 2 particulates substantially encapsulated with progenically deposited amorphous silica (2006) Part. Fibre Toxicol., 3, pp. 1-9Kahru, A., Dubourguier, H., From ecotoxicology to nanoecotoxicology (2010) Toxicology, 269, pp. 105-119Peralta-Videa, J.R., Zhaoa, L., Lopez-Morenoc, M.L., Nanomaterials and the environment: a review for the biennium 2008-2010 (2011) J. Hazard. Mater., 186, pp. 1-15Aschberger, K., Micheletti, C., Sokull-Klüttgen, B., Christensen, F.M., Analysis of currently available data for characterising the risk of engineered nanomaterials to the environment and human health-lessons learned from four case studies (2011) Environ. Int., 37, pp. 1143-1156Rincón, A.G., Pulgarin, C., Photocatalytical inactivation of E. coli: effect of (continuous-intermittent) light intensity and of (suspended-fixed) TiO 2 concentration (2003) Appl. Catal. B, 44, pp. 263-284Chen, C., Lei, P., Ji, H., Ma, W., Zhao, J., Photocatalysis by titanium dioxide and polyoxometalate/TiO 2 cocatalysts. Intermediates and mechanistic study (2004) Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, pp. 329-337Nowotny, J., Titanium dioxide-based semiconductors for solar-driven environmentally friendly applications: impact of point defects on performance (2008) Energy Environ. Sci., 1, pp. 565-572Jiang, G., Shen, Z., Niu, J., Bao, Y., Chen, J., He, T., Toxicological assessment of TiO 2 nanoparticles by recombinant Escherichia coli bacteria (2011) J. Environ. Monit., 13, pp. 42-48Cho, M., Chung, H., Choi, W., Yoon, J., Linear correlation between inactivation of E. coli and OH radical concentration in TiO 2 photocatalytic disinfection (2004) Water Res., 38, pp. 1069-1077Zan, L., Fa, W., Peng, T.P., Gong, Z.K., Photocatalysis effect of nanometer TiO 2 and TiO 2-coated ceramic plate on hepatitis B virus (2007) J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol., 86, pp. 165-169Hajkova, P., Spatenka, P., Horsky, J., Horska, I., Kolouch, A., Photocatalytic effect of TiO 2 films on viruses and bacteria (2007) Plasma Process. Polym., 4, pp. S397-S401Wei, C., Lin, W.Y., Zainal, Z., Williams, N.E., Zhu, K., Kruzic, A.P., Smith, R.L., Rajeshwar, K., Bactericidal activity of TiO 2 photocatalyst in aqueous media: toward a solar-assisted water disinfection system (1994) Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, pp. 934-938Wiench, K., Wohlleben, W., Hisgen, V., Radke, K., Salinas, E., Zok, S., Landsiedel, R., Acute and chronic effects of nano- and non-nano-scale TiO 2 and ZnO particles on mobility and reproduction of the freshwater invertebrate Daphnia magna (2009) Chemosphere, 76, pp. 1356-1365Hund-Rinke, K., Simon, M., Ecotoxic effect of photocatalytic active nanoparticles (TiO 2) on algae and daphnids (2006) Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 13, pp. 1-8Heinlaan, M., Ivask, A., Blinov, I., Dubourguier, H.C., Kahru, A., Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO 2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus (2008) Chemosphere, 71, pp. 1308-1316Crisan, M., Ana Braileanu, Raileanu, M., Crisan1, D., Teodorescu, V.S., Birjega, R., Marinescu, V.E., Pokol, G., TiO 2-based nanopowders obtained from different Ti-alkoxides (2007) J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 88, pp. 171-176(1996), International organization for standardization of water quality: determination of the inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea). ISO 6341, Geneva, SwitzerlandLindgren, T., Mwabora, J.M., Avendano, E., Jonsson, J., Hoel, A., Granqvist, C.G., Lindquist, S.E., Photoelectrochemical and optical properties of nitrogen doped titanium dioxide films prepared by reactive DC magnetron sputtering (2003) J. Phys. Chem., 107, pp. 5709-5716Wang, X., Meng, S., Zhang, X., Wang, H., Zhong, W., Du, Q., Multi-type carbon doping of TiO 2 photocatalyst (2007) Chem. Phys. Lett., 444, pp. 292-296Kortǜ, G., (1969) Reflectance Spectroscopy, , Springer Verlag, BerlinAnderson, C., Bard, A.J., Improved photocatalytic activity and characterization of mixed TiO 2/SiO 2 and TiO 2/Al 2O 3 materials (1997) J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, pp. 2611-2616Jung, S., Kim, J.H., Sintering characteristics of TiO 2 nanoparticles by microwave processing (2010) Korean J. Chem. Eng., 27, pp. 645-650Ali, H.M., Abou-Mesalam, M.M., El-Shorbagy, M.M., Structure and optical properties of chemically synthesized titanium oxide deposited by evaporation technique (2010) J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 71, pp. 51-55(2004), Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), Ecotoxicologia Aquática - Toxicidade aguda - Método de ensaio com Daphnia spp (Cladorera, Crustácea), ABNT NBR 12713Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, Daphnia 5P. Acute immobilization test (2004) OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, , No. 202 (adapted 13.04.2004)Kumar, K.N.P., Growth of rutile crystallites during the initial-stage of anatase-to-rutile transformation in pure titania and in titania-alumina nanocomposites (1995) Scr. Metall. Mater., 32, pp. 873-877Li, W., Ni, C., Lin, H., Huang, C.P., Shah, S.I., Size dependence of thermal stability of TiO 2 nanoparticles (2004) J. Appl. Phys., 96, pp. 6663-6668Sasaki, T., Watanabe, M., Semiconductor nanosheet crystallites of quasi-TiO 2 and their optical properties (1997) J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, pp. 10159-10161Carp, O., Huisman, C.L., Reller, A., Photoinduced reactivity of titanium dioxide (2004) Prog. Solid State Chem., 32, pp. 33-177Tunc, I., Bruns, M., Gliemann, H., Grunze, M., Koelsch, P., Bandgap determination and charge separation in Ag@TiO 2 core shell nanoparticle films (2010) Surf. Interface Anal., 42, pp. 835-841Bickley, R.I., Gonzales-Carreno, T., Lees, J.L., Palmisano, L., Tilley, R.J.D., A structural investigation of titanium dioxide photocatalysts (1991) J. Solid State Chem., 92, pp. 178-190Zhang, Q., Gao, L., Guo, J., Effects of calcination on the photocatalytic properties of nanosized TiO 2 powders prepared by TiCl 4 hydrolysis (2000) Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 26, pp. 207-215Ohno, T., Sarukawa, K., Tokieda, K., Matsumura, M., Morphology of a TiO 2 photocatalyst (Degussa, P-25) consisting of anatase and rutile crystalline phases (2001) J. Catal., 203, pp. 82-86Federici, G., Shaw, B.J., Handy, R.D., Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): gill injury, oxidative stress, and other physiological effects (2007) Aquat. Toxicol., 84, pp. 415-430Warheit, D.B., Hoke, R.A., Finlay, C., Donne, E.M., Reed, K.L., Sayes, C.M., Development of a base set of toxicity tests using ultrafine TiO 2 particles as a component of nanoparticle risk management (2007) Toxicol. Lett., 171, pp. 99-110Zhu, X., Chang, Y., Chen, Y., Toxicity and bioaccumulation of TiO 2 nanoparticle aggregates in Daphnia magna (2010) Chemosphere, 78, pp. 209-215Reeves, J.F., Davies, S.J., Dodd, N.J.F., Jha, A.N., Hydroxyl radicals (OH) are associated with titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage in fish cells (2008) Mutat. Res., 640, pp. 113-122Lovern, S.B., Klaper, R., Daphnia magna mortality when exposed to titanium dioxide and fullerene (C60) nanoparticles (2006) Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 25, pp. 1132-1137Bang, S.H., L1, T., Lee, S.K., Kim, P., Kim, J.S., Min, J., Toxicity assessment of titanium (IV) oxide nanoparticles using Daphnia magna (water flea) (2011) Environ. Health Toxicol., 26, pp. 1-6Rincón, A.G., Pulgarín, C., Photocatalytical inactivation of E. coli: effect of (continuous-intermittent) light intensity and of (suspended-fixed) TiO 2 concentration (2003) Appl. Catal. B, 44, pp. 263-284Marugán, J., Grieken, R., Pablos, C., Sordo, C., Analogies and differences between photocatalytic oxidation of chemicals and photocatalytic inactivation of microorganisms (2010) Water Res., 44, pp. 789-796Strigul, N., Vaccari, L., Galdun, C., Wazne, M., Liu, X., Christodoulatos, C., Jasinkiewicz, K., Acute toxicity of boron, titanium dioxide, and aluminum nanoparticles to Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (2009) Desalination, 248, pp. 771-782Kim, K.T., Klaine, S.J., Cho, J., Kim, S., Kim, S.D., Oxidative stress responses of Daphnia magna exposed to TiO 2 nanoparticles according to size fraction (2010) Sci. Total Environ., 408, pp. 2268-227

Analysis of aromatic amines in surface waters receiving wastewater from a textile industry by liquid chromatographic with electrochemical detection

A high performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC) method with electrochemical detection (ED) was developed for the determination of benzidine, 3,3-dimethylbenzidine, o-toluidine and 3,3-dichlorobenzidine in the wastewater of the textile industry. The aromatic amines were eluted on a reversed phase column Shimadzu Shimpack C-18 using acetonitrile + ammonium acetate (1 x 10(-4) mol L-1) at a ratio 46: 54 v/v as mobile phase, pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min(-1). The electrochemical oxidation of the aromatic amines exhibits well-defined peaks at a potential range of +0.45 to +0.78 V on a glassy carbon electrode. Optimum working potentials for amperometric detection were from 0.70 V to +1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Analytical curves for all the aromatic amines studied using the best experimental conditions present linear relationship from 1 x 10(-8) mol L-1 to 1.5 x 10(-5) mol L-1, r = 0.99965, n = 15. Detection limits of 4.5 nM (benzidine), 1.94 nM (o-toluidine), 7.69 nM (3,3-dimethylbenzidine), and 5.15 nM (3,3-dichlorobenzidine) were achieved, respectively. The detection limits were around 10 times lower than that verified for HPLC with ultra violet detection. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by the determination of benzidine in wastewater from the textile industry dealing with an azo dye processing plant

Degradation of metallophtalocyanine dye by combined processes of electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry

Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of metallophtalocyanine reactive dye (turquoise blue 15) was performed using a Ti/TiO2 thin film photoanode prepared by sol-get method. Hundred percent of color removal and almost complete mineralization (95% at pH 2 and 85% at pH 8) where achieved after 6 h of photolectrocatalytic oxidation of 2.5 x 10(-5) mol L-1 AT15 dye in Na2SO4 mol L-1 under E = +1.2 V versus SCE. The method limitation occurs at dye concentration higher than 4 x 10-5 mol L-1, where the degradation rate becomes markedly slower. An important improvement in color removal and TOC reduction for 1 x 10(-3) mol L-1 metallophtalocyanine dye was achieved using a combined process. After 4 h of potential controlled electrolysis at -1.2 V on a cathode of platinum followed by 6 h of photoelectrocatalytic oxidation leads to 100% of color removal and 83% of TOC decay and eletrodeposition of 69% of the released copper originally presented as copperphtalocyanine complex, by electrodeposition on the cathode without any other treatment. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Violacein/poly(ε-caprolactone)/chitosan Nanoparticles Against Bovine Mastistis: Antibacterial And Ecotoxicity Evaluation

The nanocarrier was synthesized by nanoprecipitation, using poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) as polymer, Tween 80 as surfactant and the biopolymer chitosan (CS) as a charge modification agent. Charge, size and morphology were analyzed by zeta potential, photo correlation spectroscopy (PCS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Bactericidal assays were carried out using a resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, and the acute ecotoxicity tests were performed with Daphnia similis. The nanoparticle without CS (PCLnp) exhibited an average size of 200 nm and zeta potential of -4.28 mV, while the nanoparticle with 0.04% (w/v) of CS (CS-PCLnp) had 250 nm and +21.3 mV. Both were stables for at least 30 days. 200 μg mL-1 violacein was encapsulated in CS-PCLnp, which was dissolved in the polymer matrix, a shown by DSC analysis. The minimal inhibitory concentration against S. aureus of CS-PCLnp-vio was 25 μmol L -1, while for free violacein it was > 25 μmol L-1. Nanoparticles exhibited an EC50 between 0.3-1.1 μmol L-1 with Daphnia, while free violacein was around 3.3-5.0 μmol L-1. Thus, it was possible to control the charge of the nanoparticles, without extreme changes in size and that it is possible also to encapsulate a powerful antibactericidal compound such as violacein in nanoparticle. © IOP Publishing Ltd 2013.4291Schoroeder, J.W., (2010) Extension Service, , http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/, AS-1129Pereira, U.P., Oliveira, D.G.S., Mesquita, L.R., Costa, G.M., Pereira, L.J., (2011) Rev. Microbiol., 148, p. 117. , 0001-3714Teeranachaideekul, V., Souto, E.B., Junyaprasert, V.B., Müller, R.H., (2007) Int. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 34, p. 1956Mazzarino, L., Travelet, C., Ortega-Murillo, S., Otsuka, I., Pignot-Paintrand, I., Lemos-Senna, E., Borsali, R., (2012) J. Colloid. Interface Sci., 370 (1), p. 58. , 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.12.063 0021-9797Torchilin, V.P., (2007) Pharmaceut. Res., 24 (1), p. 1. , 10.1007/s11095-006-9132-0 0724-8741He, W., Tan, Y., Tian, Z., Chen, L., Hu, F., Wu, W., (2011) Int. J. Nanomedicine, 6, p. 521Müller, R.H., Peterson, R.D., Hommoss, A., Pardeike, J., (2007) Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev., 59 (6), p. 522. , 10.1016/j.addr.2007.04.012 0169-409XHuynh, L., Neale, C., Pomès, R., Allen, C., (2012) Nanomed. Nanotech. Biol. Med., 8 (1), p. 20. , 10.1016/j.nano.2011.05.006 1549-9634Jiang, H.T., Wang, T., Wang, L., Sun, C., Jiang, T., Cheng, G., Wang, S., (2012) Microp. Mesopor. Mater., 153, p. 124. , 10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.12.013 1387-1811Rao, J.P., Geckeler, K.E., (2011) Prog. Polym. Sci., 36 (7), p. 887. , 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.01.001 0079-6700Dash, T.K., Konkimalla, V.B., (2012) J. Control. Release, 158 (1), p. 15. , 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.064 0168-3659Cazoto, L.L., Martins, D., Ribeiro, M.G., Durán, N., Nagazato, G., (2011) J. Antibiot., 64 (5), p. 395. , 10.1038/ja.2011.13 0021-8820Durán, M., Faljoni-Alario, A., Durán, N., (2010) Folia Microbiol., 55 (6), p. 535. , 10.1007/s12223-010-0088-4 0015-5632Martins, D., Costa, F.T.M., Brocchi, M., Durán, N., (2011) J. Nanopart. Res., 13 (1), p. 355. , 10.1007/s11051-010-0037-9 1388-0764Durán, M., Ponezi, A.N., Faljoni-Alario, A., Teixeira, M.F.S., Justo, G.Z., Durán, N., (2012) Med. Chem. Res., 21 (7), p. 1524. , 10.1007/s00044-011-9654-9 1054-2523Govender, T., Stolnik, S., Garnett, M.C., Illum, L., Davis, S.S., (1999) J. Control. Release, 57 (2), p. 171. , 10.1016/S0168-3659(98)00116-3 0168-3659Cabral, K.G., Lammler, C., Zschock, M., Langoni, H., De, S.M., Victoria, C., Da Silva, A., (2004) Can. J. Microbiol., 50 (11), p. 901. , 10.1139/w04-082 0008-4166Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W., (2007) Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases at Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and GoatsSchalm, O.W., Noolander, D.O., (1957) J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 139, p. 199. , 0003-1488(2011) Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically, , CLSI-Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute(2004) Daphnia Sp. Acute Immobilisation Test. Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development-Guideline for Testing Chem.s, 202, p. 12. , OECDHamilton, M.A., Russo, R.C., Thurfton, R.B., (1977) Sci. Technol., 11 (7), p. 714. , 10.1021/es60130a004 0013-936XQuemeneur, F., Rinaudo, M., Pepin-Donat, B., (2008) Biomacromolecules, 9 (1), p. 396. , 10.1021/bm700943j 1525-7797http://www.malvern.co.uk/, Zetasizer Nano series technical note Zeta potential an introduction in 30 minutes MRK654-01Mundargi, R.C., Srirangarajan, S., Agnihotri, S.A., Patil, S.A., Ravindra, S., Setty, S.B., Aminabhavi, T.M., (2007) J. Control. Release, 119 (1), p. 59. , 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.01.008 0168-365