1,726 research outputs found
Charge transport through molecular ensembles: Recent progress in molecular electronics featured
This review focuses on molecular ensemble junctions in which the individual molecules of a monolayer each span two electrodes. This geometry favors quantum mechanical tunneling as the dominant mechanism of charge transport, which translates perturbances on the scale of bond lengths into nonlinear electrical responses. The ability to affect these responses at low voltages and with a variety of inputs, such as de/protonation, photon absorption, isomerization, oxidation/reduction, etc., creates the possibility to fabricate molecule-scale electronic devices that augment; extend; and, in some cases, outperform conventional semiconductor-based electronics. Moreover, these molecular devices, in part, fabricate themselves by defining single-nanometer features with atomic precision via self-assembly. Although these junctions share many properties with single-molecule junctions, they also possess unique properties that present a different set of problems and exhibit unique properties. The primary trade-off of ensemble junctions is complexity for functionality; disordered molecular ensembles are significantly more difficult to model, particularly atomistically, but they are static and can be incorporated into integrated circuits. Progress toward useful functionality has accelerated in recent years, concomitant with deeper scientific insight into the mediation of charge transport by ensembles of molecules and experimental platforms that enable empirical studies to control for defects and artifacts. This review separates junctions by the trade-offs, complexity, and sensitivity of their constituents; the bottom electrode to which the ensembles are anchored and the nature of the anchoring chemistry both chemically and with respect to electronic coupling; the molecular layer and the relationship among electronic structure, mechanism of charge transport, and electrical output; and the top electrode that realizes an individual junction by defining its geometry and a second molecule–electrode interface. Due to growing interest in and accessibility of this interdisciplinary field, there is now sufficient variety in each of these parts to be able to treat them separately. When viewed this way, clear structure–function relationships emerge that can serve as design rules for extracting useful functionality
The two-component model of memory development, and its potential implications for educational settings
We recently introduced a two-component model of the mechanisms underlying age differences in memory functioning across the lifespan. According to this model, memory performance is based on associative and strategic components. The associative component is relatively mature by middle childhood, whereas the strategic component shows a maturational lag and continues to develop until young adulthood. Focusing on work from our own lab, we review studies from the domains of episodic and working memory informed by this model, and discuss their potential implications for educational settings. The episodic memory studies uncover the latent potential of the associative component in childhood by documenting children's ability to greatly improve their memory performance following mnemonic instruction and training. The studies on working memory also point to an immature strategic component in children whose operation is enhanced under supportive conditions. Educational settings may aim at fostering the interplay between associative and strategic components. We explore possible routes towards this goal by linking our findings to recent trends in research on instructional design
Memory maintenance and inhibitory control differentiate from early childhood to adolescence
Existing evidence suggests that the organization of cognitive functions may differentiate during development. We investigated two key components of executive functions, memory maintenance and inhibitory control, by applying latent factor models appropriate for examining developmental differences in functional associations among aspects of cognition. Two-hundred and sixty-three children (aged 4 to 14 years) were administered tasks that required maintaining rules in mind or inhibiting a prepotent tendency to respond on the same side as the stimulus. Memory maintenance and inhibitory control were not separable in children of 4-7 or 7-9.5 years, but were differentiated in an older group (9.5-14.5 years)
Exercise-Induced Fitness Changes Correlate with Changes in Neural Specificity in Older Adults
Neural specificity refers to the degree to which neural representations of different stimuli
can be distinguished. Evidence suggests that neural specificity, operationally defined as
stimulus-related differences in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation
patterns, declines with advancing adult age, and that individual differences in neural
specificity are associated with individual differences in fluid intelligence. A growing body
of literature also suggests that regular physical activity may help preserve cognitive
abilities in old age. Based on this literature, we hypothesized that exercise-induced
improvements in fitness would be associated with greater neural specificity among older
adults. A total of 52 adults aged 59–74 years were randomly assigned to one of two
aerobic-fitness training regimens, which differed in intensity. Participants in both groups
trained three times a week on stationary bicycles. In the low-intensity (LI) group, the
resistance was kept constant at a low level (10 Watts). In the high-intensity (HI) group,
the resistance depended on participants’ heart rate and therefore typically increased
with increasing fitness. Before and after the 6-month training phase, participants took
part in a functional MRI experiment in which they viewed pictures of faces and buildings.
We used multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to estimate the distinctiveness of neural
activation patterns in ventral visual cortex (VVC) evoked by face or building stimuli.
Fitness was also assessed before and after training. In line with our hypothesis, traininginduced changes in fitness were positively associated with changes in neural specificity.
We conclude that physical activity may protect against age-related declines in neural
specificity
A Hierarchical Diffusion Model Analysis of Age Effects on Visual Word Recognition
Reading is one of the most popular leisure activities and it is routinely
performed by most individuals even in old age. Successful reading enables
older people to master and actively participate in everyday life and maintain
functional independence. Yet, reading comprises a multitude of subprocesses
and it is undoubtedly one of the most complex accomplishments of the human
brain. Not surprisingly, findings of age-related effects on word recognition
and reading have been partly contradictory and are often confined to only one
of four central reading subprocesses, i.e., sublexical, orthographic,
phonological and lexico-semantic processing. The aim of the present study was
therefore to systematically investigate the impact of age on each of these
subprocesses. A total of 1,807 participants (young, N = 384; old, N = 1,423)
performed four decision tasks specifically designed to tap one of the
subprocesses. To account for the behavioral heterogeneity in older adults,
this subsample was split into high and low performing readers. Data were
analyzed using a hierarchical diffusion modeling approach, which provides more
information than standard response time/accuracy analyses. Taking into account
incorrect and correct response times, their distributions and accuracy data,
hierarchical diffusion modeling allowed us to differentiate between age-
related changes in decision threshold, non-decision time and the speed of
information uptake. We observed longer non-decision times for older adults and
a more conservative decision threshold. More importantly, high-performing
older readers outperformed younger adults at the speed of information uptake
in orthographic and lexico-semantic processing, whereas a general age-
disadvantage was observed at the sublexical and phonological levels. Low-
performing older readers were slowest in information uptake in all four
subprocesses. Discussing these results in terms of computational models of
word recognition, we propose age-related disadvantages for older readers to be
caused by inefficiencies in temporal sampling and activation and/or inhibition
processes
From bonito to anchovy: a reconstruction of Turkey’s marine fisheries catches (1950-2010)
Turkey’s marine fisheries catches were estimated for the 1950-2010 time period using a reconstruction approach, which estimated all fisheries removals, including unreported landings, recreational landings and discards. We added these estimates to the ‘official’ data, as reported in TURKSTAT, which are also available from the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The total reconstructed catch for the 1950-2010 time period (inclusive of the reported data) is approximately 32 million t, or 74% more than the 18.4 million t of reported data. This added approximately 13.6 million t to the reported data, consisting of 6.9 million t of unreported landings, 2.6 million t of discards, 2.4 million t of recreational catches, and 1.7 million t of subsistence catches. In 2010, total reported marine landings for Turkey were 445,680 t and the total reconstructed catch was 763,760 t, or 73% more than the reported data.  The main unreported taxon by tonnage was European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) due to its sheer high proportion of catch. The major reasons for underreporting include a general distrust fishers have towards the taxing system combined with inefficient fisheries monitoring and surveillance capabilities. Accounting for all fisheries components is crucial in understanding the development of fisheries resources, improving management, and reducing threats to the domestic food security of Turkey
Modeling transport through single-molecule junctions
Non-equilibrium Green's functions (NEGF) formalism combined with extended
Huckel (EHT) and charging model are used to study electrical conduction through
single-molecule junctions. Analyzed molecular complex is composed of asymmetric
1,4-Bis((2'-para-mercaptophenyl)-ethinyl)-2-acetyl-amino-5-nitro-benzene
molecule symmetrically coupled to two gold electrodes [Reichert et al., Phys.
Rev. Lett. Vol.88 (2002), pp. 176804]. Owing to this model, the accurate values
of the current flowing through such junction can be obtained by utilizing basic
fundamentals and coherently deriving model parameters. Furthermore, the
influence of the charging effect on the transport characteristics is
emphasized. In particular, charging-induced reduction of conductance gap,
charging-induced rectification effect and charging-generated negative value of
the second derivative of the current with respect to voltage are observed and
examined for molecular complex.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure
Psychological principles of successful aging technologies: A mini-review
Based on resource-oriented conceptions of successful life-span development, we propose three principles for evaluating assistive technology: (a) net resource release; (b) person specificity, and (c) proximal versus distal frames of evaluation. We discuss how these general principles can aid the design and evaluation of assistive technology in adulthood and old age, and propose two technological strategies, one targeting sensorimotor and the other cognitive functioning. The sensorimotor strategy aims at releasing cognitive resources such as attention and working memory by reducing the cognitive demands of sensory or sensorimotor aspects of performance. The cognitive strategy attempts to provide adaptive and individualized cuing structures orienting the individual in time and space by providing prompts that connect properties of the environment to the individual's action goals. We argue that intelligent assistive technology continuously adjusts the balance between `environmental support' and `self-initiated processing' in person-specific and aging-sensitive ways, leading to enhanced allocation of cognitive resources. Furthermore, intelligent assistive technology may foster the generation of formerly latent cognitive resources by activating developmental reserves (plasticity). We conclude that `lifespan technology', if co-constructed by behavioral scientists, engineers, and aging individuals, offers great promise for improving both the transition from middle adulthood to old age and the degree of autonomy in old age in present and future generations. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel
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