In vitro production of thiophenes using hairy root cultures of Tagetes erecta (L.)

Marigold (Tagetes spp.) is a source of thiophenes, which are a group of heterocyclic sulfurous compounds  possessing strong biocidal activity, thus making Tagetes plants very useful as natural source of agents for controlling pathogens such as nematodes, insects, fungi and bacteria. Hairy root cultures of Tagetes erecta L. were developed using Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation. The hairy root clones showed great variations in growth pattern and total thiophene content (0.31 to 0.96 mg/gfw). Four types of thiophenes that accumulated in root cultures of Tagetes were butenenylbithiophene (BBT),  hydroxybutenenylbithiophene (BBTOH), acetoxybutenenylbithiophene (BBTOAc) and α-terthienyl (α-T). Total thiophene contents in these isolated rhizoclones were found tobe four fold higher than that of wild type hairy root cultures. The developed method of producing hairy cultures of T. erecta can be used for producing thiophenes at large scale.Key words: Agrobacterium rhizogenes, marigold, rhizoclones, biocidal

A mini-review on the burden of antimicrobial resistance and its regulation across one health sectors in India

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a compelling health problem worldwide in the twenty-first century. The initiation and spread of drug-resistant pathogens pose a substantial threat to human health. Mounting evidence indicates the widespread prevalence of AMR in India. This concerning trend can be primarily attributed to the lack of effective implementation of regulations and oversight measures by regulatory bodies in multiple sectors, including humans, animals, food, and the environment. In addition, inadequate communication and coordination between these sectors further exacerbate the AMR problem. Given the current threat of AMR, it is imperative to develop and implement a robust mechanism that should work in tandem with each other to prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance, as it ultimately affects citizens' quality of life and imposes an economic burden on the country. This article aims to highlight the efforts of various organizations in India to mitigate AMR and provide recommendations for tackling emerging AMR