241 research outputs found
A five-wave HLL Riemann solver for relativistic MHD
We present a five-wave Riemann solver for the equations of ideal relativistic
magnetohydrodynamics. Our solver can be regarded as a relativistic extension of
the five-wave HLLD Riemann solver initially developed by Miyoshi and Kusano for
the equations of ideal MHD. The solution to the Riemann problem is approximated
by a five wave pattern, comprised of two outermost fast shocks, two rotational
discontinuities and a contact surface in the middle. The proposed scheme is
considerably more elaborate than in the classical case since the normal
velocity is no longer constant across the rotational modes. Still, proper
closure to the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions can be attained by solving a
nonlinear scalar equation in the total pressure variable which, for the chosen
configuration, has to be constant over the whole Riemann fan. The accuracy of
the new Riemann solver is validated against one dimensional tests and
multidimensional applications. It is shown that our new solver considerably
improves over the popular HLL solver or the recently proposed HLLC schemes.Comment: 15 pages, 19 figures. Accepted for Publication in MNRA
A two-parameter criterion for classifying the explodability of massive stars by the neutrino-driven mechanism
Thus far, judging the fate of a massive star (either a neutron star (NS) or a
black hole) solely by its structure prior to core collapse has been ambiguous.
Our work and previous attempts find a non-monotonic variation of successful and
failed supernovae with zero-age main-sequence mass, for which no single
structural parameter can serve as a good predictive measure. However, we
identify two parameters computed from the pre-collapse structure of the
progenitor, which in combination allow for a clear separation of exploding and
non-exploding cases with only few exceptions (~1-2.5%) in our set of 621
investigated stellar models. One parameter is M4, defining the normalized
enclosed mass for a dimensionless entropy per nucleon of s=4, and the other is
mu4 = d(m/M_sun)/d(r/1000 km) at s=4, being the normalized mass-derivative at
this location. The two parameters mu4 and M4*mu4 can be directly linked to the
mass-infall rate, Mdot, of the collapsing star and the electron-type neutrino
luminosity of the accreting proto-NS, L_nue ~ M_ns*Mdot, which play a crucial
role in the "critical luminosity" concept for the theoretical description of
neutrino-driven explosions as runaway phenomenon of the stalled accretion
shock. All models were evolved employing the approach of Ugliano et al. for
simulating neutrino-driven explosions in spherical symmetry. The neutrino
emission of the accretion layer is approximated by a gray transport solver,
while the uncertain neutrino emission of the 1.1 M_sun proto-NS core is
parametrized by an analytic model. The free parameters connected to the
core-boundary prescription are calibrated to reproduce the observables of
Supernova 1987A for five different progenitor models.Comment: 23 pages, 12 figures; accepted by ApJ; revised version considerably
enlarged (Fig. 7 and Sect.3.6 added
Automatically Detecting Changes and Anomalies in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Images
The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in civil aviation is growing up
quickly, enabling new scenarios, especially in environmental monitoring and
public surveillance services. So far, Earth observation has been carried
out only through satellite images, which are limited in resolution and
suffer from important barriers such as cloud occlusion. Microdrone
solutions, providing video streaming capabilities, are already available on
the marketplace, but they are limited to altitudes of a few hundred feet.
In contrast, UAVs equipped with high quality cameras can fly at altitudes
of a few thousand feet and can fill the gap between satellite observations
and ground sensors. Therefore, new needs for data processing arise,
spanning from computer vision algorithms to sensor and mission management.
This paper presents a solution for automatically detecting changes in
images acquired at different times by patrolling UAVs flying over the same
targets (but not necessarily along the same path or at the same altitude).
Change detection in multi-temporal images is a prerequisite for land cover
inspection, which, in turn, sets up the basis for detecting potentially
dangerous or threatening situations
Terpenoids and norisoprenoids in Italian red wines
AIM Terpene compounds are associated with fl oral notes and are characteristic of aromatic grape varieties such as Muscat (Jackson,2008). They are generally considered to potentially contribute to the aroma of white wines. However, there is a growing interesttowards the potential contribution of terpene compounds to the aroma of red wines. The aim of this work was to investigate theoccurrence of diff erent terpenes in red wines from Italian varieties. METHODS For this study wines from 11 mono-varietal Italian redwines from 12 regions were used (19 Sangiovese, 11 Nebbiolo, 10 Aglianico, 11 Primitivo, 10 Raboso del Piave, 9 Cannonau, 11 Teroldego,3 Nerello, 9 Montepulciano, 7 Corvina). All samples were from vintage 2016 and none of them had been in contact with wood. A totalof 19 terpenes and 7 norisoprenoids were analysed by mean of SPME-GC-MS analysis using a DVB-CAR-PDMS fi ber. The wines werecollected in the framework of the activities of the D-Wines (Diversity of Italian wines) project. RESULTS Signifi cant diff erences amongvarieties were observed for basically all the compounds analyzed with the exception of limonene. Overall, the concentrations of thevarious terpenes remained in the same order of magnitude. However, some diff erences are noticeable between varieties. Corvina wascharacterized by higher level of linalool, followed by Aglianico, Nebbiolo, Primitivo and Sangiovese. Cyclic terpenoids appeared asgood varietal markers, for instances Montepulciano was characterized by 1,4-cineole and 1,8-cineole, whereas Sangiovese showedhigher levels of p-cymene, \u3b1-terpinene and 1,4-cineole. Higher terpinene-1-ol content was characteristic of Montepulciano and Rabosowines. Relatively high levels of the norisoprenoid \u3b2-damascenone were found in Cannonau up to 3.68 \u3bcg/L. CONCLUSIONS This studyprovide the fi rst survey of a large number of terpenoids and norisoprenoids in diff erent mono-varietal Italian red wines. The resultsshowed that a large number of terpenoids were present in Italian red wines with specifi c profi les related to the varieties
Progenitor neutron stars of the lightest and heaviest millisecond pulsars
The recent mass measurements of two binary millisecond pulsars, PSR
J1614-2230 and PSR J0751+1807 with a mass M=1.97+/-0.04 Msun and M= 1.26 +/-
0.14 Msun, respectively, indicate a wide range of masses for such objects and
possibly also a broad spectrum of masses of neutron stars born in core-collapse
supernovae.
Starting from the zero-age main sequence binary stage, we aim at inferring
the birth masses of PSR J1614-2230 and PSR J0751+1807 by taking the differences
in the evolutionary stages preceding their formation into account.
Using simulations for the evolution of binary stars, we reconstruct the
evolutionary tracks leading to the formation of PSR J1614-2230 and PSR
J0751+1807. We analyze in detail the spin evolution due to the accretion of
matter from a disk in the intermediate-mass/low-mass X-ray binary. We consider
two equations of state of dense matter, one for purely nucleonic matter and the
other one including a high-density softening due to the appearance of hyperons.
Stationary and axisymmetric stellar configurations in general relativity are
used, together with a recent magnetic torque model and
observationally-motivated laws for the decay of magnetic field.
The estimated birth mass of the neutron stars PSR J0751+1807 and PSR
J1614-2230 could be as low as 1.0 Msun and as high as 1.9 Msun, respectively.
These values depend weakly on the equation of state and the assumed model for
the magnetic field and its accretion-induced decay.
The masses of progenitor neutron stars of recycled pulsars span a broad
interval from 1.0 Msun to 1.9 Msun. Including the effect of a slow Roche-lobe
detachment phase, which could be relevant for PSR J0751+1807, would make the
lower mass limit even lower. A realistic theory for core-collapse supernovae
should account for this wide range of mass.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, accepted in A&
Menus for Feeding Black Holes
Black holes are the ultimate prisons of the Universe, regions of spacetime
where the enormous gravity prohibits matter or even light to escape to
infinity. Yet, matter falling toward the black holes may shine spectacularly,
generating the strongest source of radiation. These sources provide us with
astrophysical laboratories of extreme physical conditions that cannot be
realized on Earth. This chapter offers a review of the basic menus for feeding
matter onto black holes and discusses their observational implications.Comment: 27 pages. Accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews. Also to
appear in hard cover in the Space Sciences Series of ISSI "The Physics of
Accretion onto Black Holes" (Springer Publisher
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